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  • Saturday Wrap, from The Week
    Bloody Sunday, an unhappy birthday, and ‘militant kookiness’

     
    briefing of the week

    The UN’s unhappy birthday

    The United Nations, which has just turned 80, has seldom looked as precarious as it does today

    How was the UN created?
    Initial planning began in 1939, when it became clear that the League of Nations had failed in its job of preventing another world war. The term “united nations” was first used by Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a 1942 declaration by 26 nations that pledged to fight against the Axis powers. The UN’s basic shape was hammered out by “the Big Four” – the US, the USSR, Britain and China – at a conference in Washington DC in late 1944 – and agreed by Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin at the Yalta Conference a few months later. In April 1945, representatives of 50 nations (and 80% of the world’s population) met at the United Nations Conference on International Organisation in San Francisco to draft and ratify the charter. Pledging to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war”, it came into force on 24 October 1945.

    What does it look like today?

    Headquartered in New York, the UN now has 193 members and an annual general budget of $3.72 billion. Its peacekeeping forces have 60,000 military personnel stationed around the world. The UN asserts that it is “neither a supra-state nor a government of governments”. Rather, it sees itself as a forum for international dialogue and cooperation. Its charter sets out four main purposes, from maintaining peace and security to promoting social and cultural cooperation. It retains the basic structure agreed at Yalta. The General Assembly is “the world’s parliament”, where each nation can discuss important issues and vote on equal terms. But the real power lies with the Security Council, which is designed to take “prompt and effective action” in response to any emergency; it can order sanctions, blockades and military action to uphold decisions. It is comprised of the “Big Five” permanent members (the “Big Four” plus France), each of which has the power of veto, and 10 temporary members (which do not).

    What has the UN achieved?
    It has codified a body of international laws and forged the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It played an important part in decolonisation – Article 1 of the charter recognised the right of self-determination – and is credited with brokering more than 170 peace settlements; its peacekeeping forces have helped end conflicts from Colombia to Sierra Leone, Burundi to Cambodia. The World Health Organization (WHO), a UN agency, played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox in 1980, a disease that had killed 300 million people in the 20th century alone. It has helped broker international deals, such as the 1970 Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty and the Paris Climate Accords. No nation has used a nuclear bomb since 1945; to its supporters, the UN is still the best defence against world war.

    Have there been failures, too?
    Certainly. The UN’s nadir arguably came in 1994, when peacekeepers in Rwanda failed to prevent the genocide of some 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. A year later, more than 8,000 Bosnian Muslims were massacred in Srebrenica by Bosnian Serbs while Dutch peacekeeping troops stood by helplessly. The UN has also been plagued by allegations of sexual abuse by peacekeepers, known as “Blue Berets”. More fundamentally, though, the UN’s own structures – primarily the Security Council veto – often prevent action.

    How does the veto cause problems?
    The veto ensured the participation of the major powers in the UN (the US had never joined the League of Nations). But the flip side is that the Security Council has been paralysed by vetoes. In total, more than 320 resolutions have been vetoed – most often by Russia (or the USSR) and the US, though China is now a frequent blocker. The USSR, for instance, vetoed objections to its 1979 invasion of Afghanistan; the US has vetoed nearly 50 resolutions on Israel alone. British, French and US vetoes stopped the UN condemning apartheid in South Africa. Indeed, arguably the Security Council has worked only as originally intended twice. Once was when South Korea was invaded by the North in 1950 – and then only because the USSR was boycotting the UN, and China had yet to take the Security Council seat from the Republic of China (Taiwan). The second was after the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990, at a brief high point in East-West relations. But though the UN has always wrestled with such structural flaws, it is now facing difficulties of potentially even greater magnitude.

    Why is it in difficulties now?
    It seems increasingly a spectator in a might-is-right world. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 made a mockery of the principle of respect for national borders. Israel’s war against Hamas in Gaza proceeded despite resolutions from the General Assembly demanding a ceasefire and thunderous condemnations from the UN Secretary-General António Guterres. The UN has seemed unable even to intervene in wars in which great powers are not involved, such as Sudan’s civil war. Developing countries regard it as being biased in favour of the West, while Brazil, Russia, India and China are promoting the Brics economic club as a potential rival. And perhaps most damagingly, US conservatives regard the UN as both irrelevant and too partial to progressive causes.

    Why is that so damaging? 
    Because the UN has always relied so heavily on American power and money (it funds over 20% of the UN’s regular budget). The Trump administration is now planning a more than 80% reduction in UN funding next year. The US is already withdrawing from the Paris climate deal, the WHO and Unesco, among other organisations. Republican lawmakers have introduced more than 20 pieces of legislation targeting the UN, and US participation in it. Though it retains considerable global legitimacy, and its programmes still perform crucial roles around the world, the UN is – financially and operationally – in deep crisis.

    The architecture of the UN
    The UN has five principal “organs” (originally six, but one, the Trusteeship Council for managing former colonial possessions, is now “inactive”). The General Assembly is made up of representatives from all 193 member states, each of whom can vote to approve the budget, elect non-permanent members of the Security Council, and appoint the secretary-general. The Security Council has “primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security”. The UN Secretariat is the office of the secretary-general, its highest official, who is appointed for a five-year, renewable term. The International Court of Justice is the only one of the bodies not located in New York (it sits in The Hague); it is responsible for adjudicating legal disputes between countries. Finally, the Economic and Social Council is responsible for coordinating the economic, social and related work of 15 UN specialised agencies, from Unesco to the International Monetary Fund to the Food and Agriculture Organisation. In addition, there are a series of autonomous “subsidiary organs”, funds and programmes, such as the World Food Programme and the United Nations Development Programme. In all, the UN employs more than 37,000 people; it has offices in every member state.

     
     
    controversy of the week

    Ireland’s new socialist president: stand by for fireworks

    Brace yourselves, said Harry McGee in The Irish Times: “Storm Catherine is about to hit the Irish political landscape.” Our next president will be the outspoken socialist politician Catherine Connolly, who won Friday’s election by a landslide with 63.4% of the vote. And though the role of president may be largely ceremonial, there are a number of reasons Connolly could still make waves, said Pat Leahy in the same paper – her far-left views, for a start. The Irish-speaking former barrister is critical of the EU and Nato; wants to ringfence Irish neutrality from what she calls Western “militarism”; has accused the UK and US of enabling genocide in Gaza; and has called on the Irish government to prepare for a united Ireland. Combine all that with the fact nearly 40% of voters want the president to play a more active role and speak out on issues, and there’s a real chance the interaction between the government and the Áras an Uachtaráin – or Viceregal Lodge, as the president’s official residence used to be known – “may be about to enter a new and distinctly less congenial phase”.

    Some see Connolly’s victory as evidence Ireland “has gone stark staring mad”, said Eilis O’Hanlon in The Irish Independent. And certainly she’s guilty of “militant kookiness”. She opposed sanctions on Bashar al-Assad’s Syrian regime in 2018; she thinks Hamas should have a role in governing a future Palestinian state if elected; she thought nothing of employing a member of a republican party who’d been convicted of firearms offences. Yet the election of an “outsider” such as Connolly “is neither insane nor irrational” – it is “a logical response to the times we live in”. Irish voters are in the mood to deliver “a kick in the pants” to the establishment. “Anti-immigration rage” is driving some of the discontent, said Finn McRedmond in The New Statesman. Last week, violent riots erupted outside the Citywest migrant hotel in Dublin, following reports a 10-year-old girl had been sexually assaulted by an asylum seeker. “Precipitous demographic change” caused by record asylum applications has turned parts of the country into a “powder keg”.

    But as if oblivious to the febrile nature of the times, the governing coalition’s Fine Gael party chose to field an uncharismatic “middle-ground” candidate in the form of Heather Humphreys, said Gerard Howlin in The Irish Times. A serial cabinet minister, Humphreys presented herself as “capable”, but at the same time totally devoid of any “daring and imagination about where the country should go”. Connolly, by contrast, more than meets “the zeitgeist in politics right now”: it is one that prizes “authenticity” above all else, said Mick Clifford in the Irish Examiner. She didn’t apologise when challenged on her various left-wing credos – her belief in open borders, for example – she “doubled down”: and the voters applauded her for it. Her election could “mark a turning point in Ireland’s anti-establishment politics”.

    Actually, Ireland’s presidency has been trending this way for years, said Shawn Pogatchnik on Politico. Formerly a quiet “sinecure for senior statesman backed by the dominant Fianna Fáil party”, the role has evolved to become an important counterweight to the government of the day – particularly so under outgoing incumbent Michael D. Higgins, who has spent the past 14 years “expanding what the president is allowed to say and do”, openly condemning Israel for its war in Gaza, for example. But Connolly could take things to another level. Her equivocation on Ukraine and strident opposition to wider European security moves (she has compared Germany’s current plans to boost defence spending “with Nazi militarisation in the 1930s”) could make life very difficult for Micheál Martin’s government, already caught between the competing demands to maintain Ireland’s vaunted neutrality and to support the EU’s efforts in Ukraine. At the very least, her forthrightness could generate some extremely awkward headlines in Brussels.

     
     

    Spirit of the age

    A couple have advertised for a £180,000-a-year tutor to help their one-year-old son become an English gentleman. According to the ad, the parents, who come from overseas and now live in north London, want the boy to be “truly bicultural” (indistinguishable from a child raised by wealthy British parents in the UK) and ultimately win a place at “Eton, St Paul’s, Westminster or Harrow”.

    They’d started this process with their older son when he was five, the advert states. That had proved too late, so they were starting younger this time. The tutor – who should be from a “socially appropriate background” – will cultivate the child’s “habits, outlooks, tastes and sporting preferences”, by taking him everywhere, from art galleries to polo matches.

     
     
    Viewpoint

    The lo-fi Louvre heist

    “What was so mortifying is that the thieves made it look so simple. They parked a truck-mounted ladder against the Louvre’s south facade and smashed two vitrines. Vincent Cassel needed an over-engineered capoeira routine and backflips across a cascade of laser-activated alarms to pocket a Fabergé egg in ‘Ocean’s Twelve’. Yet it turns out that all you need for a real-life heist are balaclavas, angle grinders and scooters revved up for a speedy getaway. Someone should tell Tom Cruise to stand down from whichever ceiling he’s currently dangling off. The Louvre heist was not so much ‘Mission: Impossible’ as Mission Really Quite Feasible.”

    Shahidha Bari in the Financial Times

     
     
    talking point

    Bloody Sunday: the acquittal of Soldier F

    It’s 53 years since Bloody Sunday, when 13 unarmed civilians were killed by the British Army in Londonderry, said Andrew McQuillan in The Spectator – but the events of that day continue to reverberate. Last month, the trial of a former British paratrooper, now in his 70s, began at Belfast Crown Court. He was accused of shooting dead two protesters and attempting to kill five others. But after a five-week trial, Judge Patrick Lynch found “Soldier F” not guilty. Delivering his verdict, he said that the evidence offered by Northern Ireland’s Public Prosecution Service had fallen “well short” of the standard required. This was “a politically driven show trial”, said the Daily Mail, and the ruling will doubtless have come as an “immense relief” to Soldier F, who’d been “hounded through the courts” for years. The case should never have been allowed to proceed as far as it did.

    Claims of a “witch-hunt” against Army veterans who served in Northern Ireland are wide of the mark, said Dan Sabbagh in The Guardian: since 1998, only one has been convicted, and he received a suspended sentence. Soldier F’s acquittal came as no great surprise. Although the judge said that he was part of a group of soldiers, some of whom had opened fire on civilians “with the intention to kill”, the evidence against him was largely based on statements made in the early 1970s by two other Paras present that day, which were, the judge said, unreliable and untestable. One of those men has since died; the other refused to testify. Testimony from civilians added context, but didn’t directly implicate Soldier F. Given the quality of the prosecution’s evidence, the verdict may have been the only one the judge could reach, said The Irish News, but it will have come as a terrible blow to the families of Bloody Sunday’s victims. They have spent decades fighting for justice for those killed, but it “remains heartbreakingly out of reach”.

    This trial was mired in the particularly brutal events of Bloody Sunday, said The Times. But many other elderly veterans who “risked their lives” during the Troubles now also live in fear of being investigated for alleged misdeeds decades ago – while the paramilitaries behind 87% of the deaths have no such concern. It’s true that cases have often collapsed before they reach the courts, or ended in acquittal, but the stress of the process is dreadful in itself. The 2023 Legacy Act sought to end conflict-related prosecutions, but was opposed in Northern Ireland. Labour now plans to “resume inquests and civil cases” while protecting veterans. However this works, it must take a “far broader account of the full human reality of the Troubles, and all who suffered in them”.

     
     

    It wasn’t all bad

    The French boy who was thrown off a balcony at Tate Modern in August 2019 can now run, jump and swim, his parents have reported. The boy was six, and on holiday in London with his parents, when a teenaged stranger grabbed him and tipped him over a safety barrier. He survived a 100ft fall but was left with life-changing injuries and spent months in intensive care. His parents said his memory skills were improving, and that he was recently able to walk with his father to the beach, not far from their home, and have a picnic.

     
     
    People

    Keira Knightley

    Aged 16, Keira Knightley was cast in a leading role in “Bend It Like Beckham”. Over the next year, she starred in “Pirates of the Caribbean” and “Love Actually” – and suddenly became one of the most famous women in the world. “I remember waking up one day and there were 10 men outside my front door – and they didn’t leave for about five years.” It was the early 2000s, the era of the lads’ mag, and the press was at its most brutal, to young women in particular, said Caitlin Moran in The Times. She’d walk out of the house, and they’d shout abuse at her. “It was mostly ‘whore’. ‘Slut’ sometimes. Particularly if I was with someone – a boyfriend, my brother or my dad.” The photographers were trying to provoke them to violence, “so they could sue”. She was constantly followed, and at one point, photographers even rented a flat opposite hers, and trained their telephoto lenses into her home.

    Eventually, she came up with a strategy. “I was like, ‘What would Gandhi do?’ Passive resistance. So I just … stopped.” Stopped? “I started wearing the same clothes every day … If I was being followed, I stopped walking. I’d literally stand there. Stock still.” Because? “Because it wasn’t a valuable shot to them if it was always me in the same clothes, standing still. There’s only so many times you can write, ‘Ooh, she’s wearing the same clothes,’ with a photo of me standing still. It gets boring.”

     
     

    Image credits, from top: Charles McQuillan / Getty Images; Corbis / Getty Images; Paul Faith / AFP / Getty Images; Arnold Jerocki / Getty Images

     

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