The civil rights icon who taught nonviolence
Pastor, teacher, and activist, James Lawson was, in the words of his friend and colleague Martin Luther King Jr., "the greatest teacher of nonviolence in America." He never wavered in his commitment to pacifism, through the bomb threats he weathered as a Freedom Rider to the beating he endured at the hands of police in Selma, Ala. When, during one pivotal 1960 Nashville sit-in, a white motorcyclist spat on him, Lawson politely asked for a handkerchief and then stunned his assailant by striking up a conversation about motorbikes with him. An unyielding commitment to nonviolence, he believed, was the only way to shock America's conscience. "Chances are," he said, "without people being hurt, we cannot solve the problem."Â
Born to a gun-toting Methodist preacher and a Jamaican-born seamstress, Lawson "did not always practice nonviolence," said the Los Angeles Times. As a 10-year-old in Massillon, Ohio, he once smacked a white boy for calling him the N-word. "Jimmy," his mother reproached him, "what good did that do? There must be a better way." Her words would inform his worldview: Lawson spent 13 months in prison for refusing to serve in the Korean War, then traveled to India in 1953 to study the teachings of Gandhi. News of the Montgomery bus boycott prompted his return, and King recruited him to join the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Lawson became King's "chief strategist," said The Times (U.K.), leading workshops, boycotts, and freedom rides. He taught activists ways to minimize being hurt as well as how to curb a natural instinct to fight back, telling them to expect beatings, even broken bones. In 1968, Lawson invited King to speak to striking sanitation workers in Memphis, where King would be killed. Lawson would later officiate the prison wedding for James Earl Ray — in part because he doubted Ray's sole culpability in the assassination, but also because, he said, "I knew if Martin were alive and in my position, he would have married them."Â
Lawson moved to Los Angeles in 1974, where he served as pastor of a Methodist church for 25 years, said NPR.org. He continued his activism "well into his 90s," advocating for gay rights and immigrant rights and embracing the Black Lives Matter movement. "There are too few people in our country who are pushing nonviolent struggle," he said in January. "We need, in the United States, thousands and thousands of small and large campaigns of nonviolent wrestling with our country."