A long-running battle to recover a "holy grail" shipwreck and claim its billion-dollar treasure is intensifying.
The "fabulous cargo of gold, silver and precious stones" of the "San José", which sank off the coast of Colombia in the early 18th century, has "long been the stuff of treasure hunters' dreams", said Le Monde, and that has put it at the heart of a tug of war.
Three-way battle to stake claim
The multi-decked sailing ship faced disaster in 1708 as it sailed towards Cartagena, in northern Colombia. The crew was planning to cross the Atlantic to Spain, but a British warship intercepted it. The British wanted to seize the vessel and its treasure, but they accidentally fired a cannonball and sank the galleon.
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In the 1980s, a US salvage company said it had located the remains of the "San José" and tried to split any proceeds with the Colombians, but the two sides couldn't agree on shares and a legal battle began.
In 2015, Colombia claimed it had found the ship separately from the US company. Colombia "has no doubts about its rights to the wreck", said Le Monde, as it "has been lying at a depth of 600 meters in its territorial waters for three centuries".
But Spain has also "staked its claim", said the BBC, arguing that the "San José" and its cargo remains state property, while Indigenous groups from Bolivia and Peru also say they are entitled to "at least a part of the booty", which might have been mined by their ancestors.
Earlier this year, Colombian officials began a $4.5 million (£3.4 million) recovery process, starting with what they describe as a "characterisation phase", with remote sensors and deep-diving robots exploring what is available on the seabed.
The matter is also now before the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague. As part of its case at the court, the US salvage company, Sea Search Armada, has commissioned its own study of the cargo.
With so many competing claims, ownership of each item recovered will "probably have to be decided by independent experts", said Dr Ann Coats from the University of Portsmouth.
The holy grail of shipwrecks
The Colombian Minister of Culture, Juan David Correa, said that recovering the ship within the next two years is a priority for President Gustavo Petro. "The president has told us to pick up the pace," he said.
The question is what will be found. Describing the potential haul as "the biggest treasure in the history of humanity", Rahim Moloo, the lawyer representing Sea Search Armada, said it will include seven million pesos, 116 steel chests full of emeralds and 30 million gold coins. The company estimates its value at $7-18 billion.
But Carla Rahn Phillips, a historian who has written a book about the "San José", told the BBC it's "almost meaningless to try to come up with a number now", so "the estimates of the treasure hunters" are "laughable".
Although the "San José" is "often described as the holy grail of shipwrecks", the UN believes it's "just one of around three million sunken vessels on our ocean floor", said the BBC. "There is often very little clarity over who owns them" and their treasure.
