Since January, it has been illegal to "unlock" your cell phone — or decouple it electronically from the service provider that sold it to you. That's because in October, the Librarian of Congress James H. Billington decided not to re-up an exemption to a portion of the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) that makes it a crime to unlock your cell phone, punishable by up to $500,000 in fines and/or five years in jail. After two three-year waivers for that part of the law, Billington and his relevant underling, Registrar of Copyrights Maria Pallante, decided that proponents of unlocking mobile devices hadn't proved their case.
Digital libertarians and consumer advocates didn't take this sitting down, exactly. Having lost at the Library of Congress, handset-unlocking entrepreneur Sina Khanifar started a petition at the White House "We the People" page, and more than 114,000 signatures later, the Obama administration got on board Monday. R. David Edelman, Obama's senior adviser for Internet, Innovation, and Privacy, issued the official response:
The White House agrees with the 114,000+ of you who believe that consumers should be able to unlock their cell phones without risking criminal or other penalties. In fact, we believe the same principle should also apply to tablets, which are increasingly similar to smart phones. And if you have paid for your mobile device, and aren't bound by a service agreement or other obligation, you should be able to use it on another network. It's common sense, crucial for protecting consumer choice, and important for ensuring we continue to have the vibrant, competitive wireless market that delivers innovative products and solid service to meet consumers' needs. [White House]
Federal Communications Commission Chairman Julius Genachowski signaled his support for legally unlocked cell phones, too, arguing that "from a communications policy perspective, this raises serious competition and innovation concerns, and for wireless consumers, it doesn't pass the common-sense test." In other words, the Obama administration "thinks 'illegal' cell-phone unlocking is just as stupid as you do," says Andrew Couts at Digital Trends. But since the DMCA grants authority over unlocking phones to the Library of Congress, a part of the legislative branch, Obama just can't overrule the decision. The FCC is looking into what it can do to on its own, on the grounds of improving competition, but it's not clear it has much authority to act.
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The Library of Congress stood by its October ruling, even as it agreed diplomatically that the policy "would benefit from review" and that the library's rule-making function, while very important, "was not intended to be a substitute for deliberations of broader public policy." The best solution, then, is for Congress to act. Kudos to the Obama administration for siding with consumers, says Khanifar, but "I think the real culprit here is Section 1201 of the DMCA."
Whether Congress actually acts "depends on how much opposition they get from the phone and entertainment companies that argued against renewing the unlocking exemption last year," says Jon Healy at The Los Angeles Times. Because while Section 1201 prevents you from ripping DVDs for personal use, jailbreaking your smartphone and tablet, and other actions you might take on items you legally own, it also contains less controversial provisions.
Section 1201 also makes it illegal to circumvent the access controls on DVDs, e-books and video games to make bootlegged copies for sale on the street or swapping online. It also makes it illegal to manufacture or sell devices whose main purpose is to circumvent the digital locks on copyrighted material. Any effort to remove or significantly weaken Section 1201 would run into a buzz saw of opposition from companies that rely on technical protections for their intellectual property. [Los Angeles Times]
So, what's the big deal about unlocking cell phones? And how might you benefit? A decade-old FCC rule allows cell-phone customers to take their phone numbers with them when they switch carriers, and legal unlocking would allow them to take their phones, too, says Edward Wyatt in The New York Times. "For consumers, being able to take their iPhone or any other type of handset with them when they switch carriers could make it easier to take advantage of lower rates once an initial contract is fulfilled. That might mean more price competition and more choices for cell-phone customers."
Edelman also notes in the White House statement that legal untethering "is particularly important for secondhand or other mobile devices that you might buy or receive as a gift, and want to activate on the wireless network that meets your needs — even if it isn't the one on which the device was first activated." Then there's the basic fairness factor. "People pay hundreds of dollars to buy smartphones and the idea that a mobile device carrier could tell you what you can and can't do with the hardware — especially after you've fulfilled your contract — is beyond unsettling," says Caleb Garling at the San Francisco Chronicle. "You'd be hard-pressed to find an American consumer that feels differently."
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But "consumers shouldn't get their hopes up about being free to use cheaper foreign SIM cards overseas or selling their unlocked used smartphones on EBay," says The Los Angeles Times' Healy. Even if Congress does act, or the FCC finds some legal authority to step in, there are a few issues a DMCA law won't fix. Technology is one of them: "Unlike in Europe, cell-phone systems in the United States do not all operate using the same technology, meaning a phone from one carrier might not easily transfer to another," says The New York Times' Wyatt. And the big nationwide wireless companies "say they do not understand what the fuss is about." AT&T and Verizon say that they'll unlock your phone for you when your contract is up, and note that you can already buy unlocked phones, though they cost quite a bit more up front.
The DMCA doesn't apply only to mobile phones and unlocking. It also gets in the way of jailbreaking tablets, game consoles, and other personal devices. It's used to threaten academics and tinkerers, to block publication of research on computer security, and to cover up embarrassing failures of DRM. It's still potentially illegal to watch subscription video services or Blu-Ray discs on the devices and operating systems of our choice. And even where EFF and others have convinced the Library of Congress to create temporary exceptions to the DMCA for things like phone jailbreaking, DVD decryption, and read-aloud functions for ebooks, creating and selling the tools to do these things is still illegal under the DMCA! Now that the Obama Administration has recognized the problem, we hope they will commit to fixing it — and not just for phone users. [EFF]
Peter has worked as a news and culture writer and editor at The Week since the site's launch in 2008. He covers politics, world affairs, religion and cultural currents. His journalism career began as a copy editor at a financial newswire and has included editorial positions at The New York Times Magazine, Facts on File, and Oregon State University.
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