A few months ago, a team of European scientists engineered a miraculous self-healing polymer that could change our lives for the better. Imagine furniture that lasts a lifetime, or eyeglass frames that piece themselves back together after a few hours of being wrapped up with scotch tape. Such technology could have huge ramifications in countless industries.
Now imagine those same basic healing principles, but applied to a material that's even more pervasive: Metal.
MIT researchers "accidentally" stumbled on a remarkable new property in a nickel superalloy that could change the way we approach architecture, industrial design, cars — you name it. The team, led by graduate student Guoqiang Xu, found that when force is applied to a crack in the metal to pull it apart, the damaged areas counter-intuitively fused together. The superalloy self-repaired.
Subscribe to The Week
Escape your echo chamber. Get the facts behind the news, plus analysis from multiple perspectives.
At first the research team had no idea why this was happening. "We had to go back and check," said Michael Demkowicz, a professor of science and engineering at the university, who worked with Xu. "Instead of extending, [the crack] was closing up. First, we figured out that, indeed, nothing was wrong. The next question was: 'Why is this happening?'"
To answer the question they created a computer model of the crystalline nickel alloy's microstructure. Most metals are composed of tiny, crystalline grains that give them their signature characteristics, stuff like strength and durability. Iron, for example, is more brittle than a compound more resilient to stress, like steel.
In the case of MIT's self-healing superalloy, a computer simulation revealed what was happening to the individual microcrystalline grains (the white hexagons in the video above). The term for what was happening is disclination, which requires the fracture to extend only partway into a grain, but not all the way through it. For a long time, metal experts considered it a defect.
These defects have intense stress fields, which "can be so strong, they actually reverse what an applied load would do," Demkowicz says: In other words, when the two sides of a cracked material are pulled apart, instead of cracking further, it can heal. "The stress from the disclinations is leading to this unexpected behavior," he says.
Having discovered this mechanism, the researchers plan to study how to design metal alloys so cracks would close and heal under loads typical of particular applications. Techniques for controlling the microstructure of alloys already exist, Demkowicz says, so it's just a matter of figuring out how to achieve a desired result. [MIT]
The extremely controlled conditions means we're not quite in T-1000 territory. Yet. But the practical applications could be huge, particularly for important things like city infrastructure. Self-healing bridges or highway overpasses in, say, earthquake-prone San Francisco? Yes, that would be great.
Sign up for Today's Best Articles in your inbox
A free daily email with the biggest news stories of the day – and the best features from TheWeek.com
Chris Gayomali is the science and technology editor for TheWeek.com. Previously, he was a tech reporter at TIME. His work has also appeared in Men's Journal, Esquire, and The Atlantic, among other places. Follow him on Twitter and Facebook.
