Who's responsible for JC Penney's failures? 3 candidates

Following a much-publicized scuffle last week, hedge fund manager cum activist investor Bill Ackman resigned Tuesday morning from JC Penney's board, ending a three-year relationship that has been wrought with conflict over how the discount retailer can reverse a years-long slide.

"During my time on the JC Penney Board of Directors, I have always advocated for what I believe to be in the best interests of the Company — its stockholders, employees and others," said Ackman in a statement. "At this time, I believe that the addition of two new directors and my stepping down from the Board is the most constructive way forward for JC Penney and all other parties involved."

Ackman's departure may feel like a welcome change for board members, particularly Chairman Thomas Engibous, whom Ackman had publicly accused of incompetence and cronyism. In particular, Ackman had insisted that JC Penney move more swiftly in hiring a new CEO.

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But will shuffling the decks yet again fix Penney's core problems? The retailer has a history of pointing fingers when the going gets tough.

Here, three people who have taken blame for Penney's shortcomings.

Michael Francis

In June of 2012, Penney's head of marketing and merchandising abruptly left the company after just nine months on the job. The move followed a failed marketing campaign, involved a commercial showing angry customers who had had it up to here with coupons and sales. The campaign was part of changes put in place by then-CEO Ron Johnson, who set out to "simplify" pricing by removing sales and coupons, which had long been a pillar of Penney's identity.

The strategy backfired big-time. According to Stacey Widlitz at CNBC, the campaign "sent confused customers in to the arms of competitors."

"Johnson may have felt the need to clear the decks," she wrote. "Was Francis to blame or was he a convenient scapegoat?"

Ron Johnson

Less than one year later, it was Johnson's turn.

No one has taken more blame for Penney's failures than Johnson, a respected veteran of the retail world who famously helped launch Apple's line of gleaming white stores. Johnson wasted no time setting in motion a series of bold moves at Penney: Abolishing coupons and sales, introducing a store-within-a-store initiative, and announcing that checkout counters would be eliminated by 2014.

The outcome of his efforts ranged from meaningless (those checkout counters are still around), to disastrous (customers fled from Penney's sale-less racks). Under Johnson's reign, the company lost a billion dollars.

The press eviscerated him. ("Ron Johnson's JC Penney: The Anatomy of a Retail Failure" is a typical headline from the time.) But it's easy to forget what shape the company was in when he inherited it: "Directionless and barely profitable," as James Surowiecki put it in The New Yorker shortly before Johnson was ousted in April.

Bill Ackman

Which brings us to the man of the hour, Bill Ackman, who rallied behind Ron Johnson's hire in 2011, then publicly fought the board's choices following his removal. Last week, members of the board, as well as Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz, were quick to remind the public that Ackman was to blame for Johnson. But as Rocco Pendola at The Street puts it:

But let's not count Ackman out quite yet. Here's Laura Heller at Forbes: