Sleeping in space is a tricky business. For starters, there isn't any gravity keeping you tucked into a warm, cozy bed. Plus, you're nearly shoulder-to-shoulder with a bunch of equally uncomfortable astronauts.
And researchers have discovered new challenges to snoozing in space, after concluding a study of six men who agreed to spend 520 days locked inside a windowless, pressurized environment in Moscow meant to simulate life on a spaceship heading to Mars and back.
For the study, the astronauts did not float around in a zero-gravity environment. Using a device called an actigraph, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania and Baylor College of Medicine in Houston monitored the crew members' movements and the amount of light they were exposed to at any given time. The subjects also took computerized reaction-time and vigilance tests twice a week, and were regularly asked questions about their workloads, how tired they were, and the quality of their sleep. The results weren't pretty.
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On average, sleep time for each of the subjects increased by more than 8 percent, which works out to 35 minutes more sleep a day — not necessarily a bad thing. But the crew members were much more lethargic when they were awake, and by the end of the study had reduced their period of active waking behavior by a full 70 minutes. Four of the members reportedly suffered from psychological issues.
"The reason this matters is because, in the microgravity found in space, which we didn't simulate, if you're not active, you can suffer loss of bone and muscle, and decondition your cardiovascular muscle very severely, making it difficult to complete missions," study author David Dinges told SPACE.com. "This shows we've got to find ways to keep crew physiologically active."
Without any sunlight telling him when to sleep, one crew member started sleeping at odd times on a 25-hour day schedule, which threw off his circadian rhythms. "This could potentially be dangerous during mission-critical tests," says researcher Dr. Mathia Basner.
What makes the whole study particularly scary is that the brutal living conditions can provoke startling behavior changes. On the extreme end, explorers trekking through the Antarctic wilderness, where the day's cycles are similarly sunless, have reportedly suffered horrifying descents into madness. Other side effects can also be damaging, says The Los Angeles Times:
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Though there are a few legendary stories of madness and violence — a cook who turned on others with a hammer, a scientist who axed a colleague over a chess dispute — [researchers say] most problems are lower-grade feelings of depression, anger, and irritability, along with difficulty of sleep and concentration that may exhibit itself in what is often referred to as the zoned-out "Antarctic stare."
The next step for researchers is to figure out how to keep astronauts physically active while maintaining healthy sleep cycles. One idea is to have the spaceship emit blue wavelengths of light that would trick the body into thinking it's still on Earth.
Chris Gayomali is the science and technology editor for TheWeek.com. Previously, he was a tech reporter at TIME. His work has also appeared in Men's Journal, Esquire, and The Atlantic, among other places. Follow him on Twitter and Facebook.
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