You've surely heard that self-driving cars are the next science fiction technology to become reality. You might have even read some pros and cons about our driverless future. That might fool you into thinking that as a society we're going to exercise some kind of choice. Perhaps we'll decide they're too dangerous or too impractical and we won't bother going ahead with trading in our Camrys and Camaros for Google Blobs, or whatever the robot car will be, right? Or maybe it'll just be a niche market, where some technophiles will use them, but most of us will keep our hands on the wheel.
Sorry, but no.
This technology is coming whether any of us likes it or not. As with so many technological advances, once we can do it, we will do it. The only question is how long it takes for the technological systems to advance to the point where it's possible to have most or all the cars on the road drive themselves. But we'd better hope that between now and then, we're able to come up with cybersecurity measures and regulatory schemes that can handle an autonomous system.
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The benefits of self-driving cars are varied and potentially enormous. They'd virtually eliminate traffic jams, because they don't rubberneck and they can safely drive much closer together, which would save us billions of gallons of fuel and billions of hours of wasted time. They'd allow mobility for disabled and elderly people who are currently limited by their inability to drive. We could free up all the untold square miles we currently devote to plunking our cars when they're not in use, which is most of the time. And most of all, self-driving cars would save lives — around 30,000 Americans are killed on the roads every year, and the vast majority of those deaths are the result of human error.
But for a system of self-driving cars to be truly safe, they have to communicate — with each other and with the environment around them. And that means they're vulnerable.
In fact, you may not realize it, but if you've bought a car in the last few years, what you're driving in today may already be vulnerable. On Tuesday, Wired magazine published a frightening article detailing how journalist Andy Greenberg allowed a pair of hackers to take control of the Jeep Cherokee he was driving on the highway, first messing with his air conditioning and radio and eventually cutting out his transmission — and they did it sitting on a couch miles away, using an ordinary internet connection. It was possible because the Jeep, like so many cars today, is connected to the web via a system created by Chrysler; many other automakers have similar systems. As Greenberg notes, when Senator Ed Markey (D-Mass.) recently asked manufacturers to give him information about the security of their cars' systems, "Of the 16 automakers who responded, all confirmed that virtually every vehicle they sell has some sort of wireless connection, including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, cellular service, and radios."
That wireless connection is what could potentially allow access to the dozens of computing systems inside your car, the ones that control everything from the steering to the brakes to the lights and a bunch of other things you've never thought of. And before long, everyone is going to expect that any new car they buy will have an entertainment system that includes internet access, just as now we expect that even budget models have power windows. Today's luxury is tomorrow's necessity.
That creates enough of a security problem, but what about a fleet of robot cars? In order to take full advantage of their potential, they'd have to be constantly sending and receiving wireless signals. And at least in theory, a car that is fully automated and fully connected can be taken over by someone other than the person sitting in it. In fact, we'd probably want that capability. Imagine that you're sitting in the back of a self-driving car on your way to work when you get chest pains and pass out. Wouldn't it be helpful if the car could tell that you've lost consciousness, send an alert to the 9-1-1 system, and then receive an instruction to deviate from its previous route to take you to the hospital?
Spend a few minutes thinking about it, and you can quickly come up with a hundred terrifically convenient uses for a connected information system on wheels, and just as many sinister ones. But the important thing to understand is that it's coming. Every auto manufacturer is installing more autonomous systems into their cars every year — it started with anti-lock brakes (which, after all, is a way for the car to override your problematic tendency to slam on the brakes), has now progressed to things like adaptive cruise control (which keeps you a safe distance from cars around you), and will over time take more and more parts of the driving experience out of your hands.
That's a good thing, because people are so terrible at driving. Elon Musk of Tesla Motors has suggested that eventually human-driven cars could be banned. "It's too dangerous," he said. "You can't have a person driving a two-ton death machine." But the transition to a self-driving fleet won't be abrupt, it will be gradual. By the time you finally give up your car and join up with an autonomous ride service — it'll be like Uber, or maybe Uber itself — it won't be as much of a shock as it seems from today's standpoint, because your own car will already have been doing much of the driving for you.
This will take a little while, but it will probably happen in your lifetime — predictions on the transition to a mostly or fully autonomous fleet range from around 10 to 30 years. We're on the cusp of what could be the most significant transformation in the system of automotive transportation since cars came into common use in the first half of the 20th century. I'd like to be optimistic and say that we can make autonomous cars completely secure from hacking. Let's hope so, because eventually we'll all be riding in them.
