by Francesca Wade
Francesca Wade’s latest book “can be read as a biographical detective story that fills in once-taboo blanks,” said Diane Cole in the Financial Times. Though Wade’s subject, Gertrude Stein, has not exactly been an inscrutable mystery, newly available archives have revealed more about why the modernist figurehead fled the U.S. for Europe in 1902, why she wrote the memoir that finally earned her a wide audience, and how her relationship with her lover, Alice B. Toklas, sustained her through much of her life. Beyond that, Wade’s work could serve as “a wish-fulfilling literary fairy tale for the always fame-hungry Stein”—because it details how Stein came to be recognized as a literary innovator posthumously and mounts its own précis for Stein’s brilliance.
Nearly 80 years after Stein’s death, “her celebrity is incontestable; her status as a genius less so,” said Christopher Benfey in The New York Times. “Critics barely out of swaddling clothes proclaim Stein unreadable,” but “she can’t be erased from literary history,” because of the influence she had on heirs ranging from Ernest Hemingway to poet John Ashbery. Wade devotes the “vivid” first half of her book to a straight account of Stein’s life, said Judith Thurman in The New Yorker. Born to a wealthy Jewish family in 1874, Stein was raised in Oakland and came within a semester of earning a medical degree at Johns Hopkins before she bolted, joining her brother Leo first in London, then Paris. The siblings began buying paintings by Picasso, Cézanne, and Matisse, building a collection that helped turn their large apartment into a hot spot for forward-looking artists and writers, who viewed Stein as an oracle. Meanwhile, she struggled to find a publisher for her avant-garde fiction, particularly The Making of Americans, a plotless 900-page work that was completed in 1911 but not published until 1925, after James Joyce’s Ulysses. Even compared with Joyce’s, Stein’s modernism was radical. “Her ambition was to deprogram and rewire a reader’s brain.”
In a welcome turn, the second half of Wade’s “breezily readable” book “complicates all that we’ve learned in part one,” said Jacquelyn Ardam in the Los Angeles Review of Books. Focusing on details that Toklas revealed after Stein’s death, it attributes Stein’s early career change in part to the wrenching effects of a lesbian love triangle and frames Stein’s cheekily titled 1933 memoir, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, as a bid to repair the couple’s relationship. Meanwhile, although Wade’s positive view of Stein’s fiction won’t persuade all of its many detractors, said Ryan Ruby in Bookforum, the curious should give it a chance. “More than any other writer, Stein invented high modernism,” and Wade’s biography “makes a convincing case that her writing remains, if anything, underrated.” |