Does fracking cause earthquakes?

More than 100 earthquakes in 2011 in Youngstown, Ohio, were caused by fracking, says a new study, adding to past research that has linked fracking to earthquakes in Oklahoma and Arkansas.

Youngstown is located over the Marcellus Shale, a geological formation that scientists estimate contains 489 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Before January 2011, it had never felt an earthquake, at least not since record-keeping began in 1776. But two weeks after the Northstar 1 well started pumping fluid into the ground, the tremors began. Though most were too small to feel, by December 2011 seismometers in the town had recorded a magnitude 3.9 quake.

The Ohio Department of Natural Resources quickly responded, "The seismic events are not a direct result of fracking." But the well was shut down for investigation, after which the tremors stopped. This week's report, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, contradicts the director's claim.

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The earthquakes "were induced by the fluid injection at Northstar 1," says study author Won Young Kim of Columbia University. Researchers say 167 distinct earthquakes resulted from that one well.

How did the researchers determine that Northstar 1 was to blame? For one, they found that the frequency and intensity of the quakes altered in accordance with the daily pressure levels in the well. Also, the epicenter of each of the quakes was either at the well or along the fault line that the well was connected to.

The well was pumping water into the ground at a rate of about 1,300 gallons per hour. National Journal's Brian Resnick explains it like this:

Resnick also points out that Northstar 1 was the only such well in Ohio during that time period to cause any quakes. So what makes Youngstown so vulnerable?

It seems that the Ohio's Department of Natural Resources didn't realize that a fault line ran beneath the well. "Ironically, the data needed to make that determination was already available," explains The Energy Collective, but because funds were short, and no federal regulations required the data, it eluded the state and the builders.

"It’s a classic look at what can happen when a new industry booms, and only as it is proliferates unregulated does the collateral damage become apparent," says The New Republic. "At least Ohio is experimenting with solutions."