Even though President Obama ordered his national security cabinet to shift the locus of the drone wars from the Central Intelligence Agency to the military's Special Operations Command, the New York Times reported Sunday that, while the number of strikes has slowed to a trickle, the CIA plans to be in the drone business in Pakistan and Africa for quite a while.
The Times attributed the delay to institutional resistance in the CIA and to a recent series of counterterrorism operations that killed civilians, which increased doubts about the efficacy of the shift itself. Also, Pakistan wants the CIA to run the drone program, despite saying the opposite in public. It trusts the CIA more than it trusts the U.S. military. Go figure.
To these reasons, some historical perspective is warranted. In 1983, Hezbollah brought the age of sacred terror to the U.S. embassy in Beirut and later to the Marine barracks, killing, in all, more than 300 Americans.
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The CIA did not establish its Counterterrorism Center, now the dominant force in the agency, until 1986. That's because the U.S. fought terrorism tactically, on a case-by-base basis, and because an enormous country like ours has trouble figuring out how to fight a small and nimble non-nation state enemy. (This is asymmetric warfare, to the initiated.) Arguably, the U.S. did not adopt a real counterterrorism strategy until after September 2001. (Even after the first World Trade Center bombing in 1993, the CTC had about 100 analysts in total.)
The drone war, remember, is misnamed. It is not a war; it is the collection of operations and tactics that derive from the national counterterrorism strategy, a strategy that is in many respects unchanged from the blueprint drawn up by the Bush war cabinet in late 2001 and early 2002.
Many "drone strikes" are launched from very-much-manned airplanes and ships. The goal of this war, moreover, is not to kill people: it is to degrade the capacity of terrorists to launch existential attacks against the United States. The counterterrorism strategy has succeeded in part, failed in part, and contributed to its own perpetuation in part. Strikes in Yemen and Pakistan have stirred civilian resentment against the West. That the strikes seem to be the only part of this strategy that touches people in places where certain jihadist ideologies have taken hold is probably why the impulse metastasized. Terrorist networks — for very specific, historic reasons, including the Iraq War, decisions by Al Qaeda leadership, migrations, technological changes, and the availability of safe heavens elsewhere — continue to evolve.
The strategy depends upon execution by the CIA, with billions of dollars worth of intelligence, systems, and equity behind it. The government simply shifts those resources to the Special Operations Command, even as the two entities cooperate at all levels. Congress needs to get involved, and needs to endorse this shift. Institutional knowledge needs to be purchased by the Special Operations Command, which has a different philosophy and command structure. This takes years worth of budget cycles. It means, for example, that SOCOM's Fort Bragg, N.C.-based Joint Intelligence Brigade and Joint Reconnaissance Task Force will have to mesh resources with the CIA's CTC, even though the two SOCOM organizations support a much broader range of operations.
Right now, the CIA uses about a third of the U.S. Air Force's fleet of UAVs. Every day, between 50 and 70 Air Force and CIA-tasked "drones" fly over targets, most of them intelligence-gathering.
