Argle bargle: 5 meanings of word reduplication

You may have a hoity toity degree from a fancy schmancy school, but blowing a gasket over certain kinds of hanky panky makes you an old fuddy duddy

Justice Antonin Scalia telegraphed his disdain through a little linguistic trick called word reduplication.
(Image credit: Pete Marovich/ZUMA Press/Corbis)

In his angry dissent to the court's decision on the Defense of Marriage Act, Justice Scalia conveyed a specific kind of derision through his use of several colloquial expressions. He talked of the court's impatience to "blurt out" its opinion and said that the majority's explanation "takes real cheek." With reference to the taking up of the issue of gay marriage in the first place, he said that "some might conclude that this loaf could have used a while longer in the oven." He accuses the majority of having an inability to resist painting the other side as monsters, and laments that with a "too bad." The use of such casual, folksy expressions enhances the attitude of disdain by implying, "I won't even deign to use my fancy educated voice; that's how little I think of this."

The most noticeable of these expressions was "argle bargle," a term he used to describe the reasoning behind the majority opinion. At Visual Thesaurus, Ben Zimmer gives the background on the roots of "argle bargle" in Scottish rhyming slang. It came from a playful transformation of "argue" and means a tussle or spirited dispute. It is also used to mean nonsense, which is how Scalia uses it here.

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1. BABYISH, SMALL, CUTE

There is a lot of reduplication in baby talk: mama, bye bye, boo boo, pee pee. This is probably how reduplication gets more generally associated with the idea of small or cute (teeny weeny, itsy bitsy, fuzzy wuzzy, lovey dovey). You can use reduplicated forms with the intention of invoking "babyish" in a friendly way, but you can also use it to imply childishness.

2. SCATTERED, INCONSISTENT

Reduplicated forms can also convey disorderly movement or grouping, and by extension, recklessness: zig zag, pell mell, higgledy piggledy, topsy turvy, ragtag, mishmash, hodgepodge, willy nilly, helter skelter, harum scarum.

3. FRIVOLOUS, SHALLOW

Bringing together the implications of childishness and scatteredness is a group of terms used to call things frivolous, shallow, vague or airheaded: hippy dippy, artsy fartsy, wishy washy, airy fairy, namby pamby, chit chat, dilly dally, tutti frutti. Razzle dazzle can be used to imply something distastefully showy, but it can also have a positive meaning — excitingly showy!

4. NONSENSE

All the other meanings come together here. What is talk that is childish, scattered, inconsistent, frivolous and shallow? Nonsense. In other words, hocus pocus, mumbo jumbo, claptrap, jibber jabber, and, of course, argle bargle.

5. TO DIMINISH, TAKE AWAY POWER

If the negative implications of reduplication can be used to call things inconsequential and weak, they can also be used to take the bite out of threatening things, to take some power away from those who would use derision against you. So, Justice Scalia, you may have a hoity toity degree from a fancy schmancy school, but your blowing a gasket over certain kinds of hanky panky just makes you an old fuddy duddy.

Arika Okrent is editor-at-large at TheWeek.com and a frequent contributor to Mental Floss. She is the author of In the Land of Invented Languages, a history of the attempt to build a better language. She holds a doctorate in linguistics and a first-level certification in Klingon. Follow her on Twitter.