More than 13.5 million Syrians were displaced from their homes during their country's nearly 15-year civil war, with most finding refuge in neighbouring nations.
Now, following the fall of Bashar al-Assad in December, a steadily climbing number are returning. But the life that awaits them in their war-torn homeland remains rife with difficulty.
How many have returned? More than two million Syrians have gone back to their areas of origin, according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. Some 1.5 million were internally displaced and about 600,000 have returned from Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan.
Among the nearly one million Syrians who found refuge in Europe, mainly in Sweden and Germany, there has been little movement. Some host countries have made moves to encourage refugees to return.
Is it safe to go back to Syria? Widespread fighting has subsided, but in the north, there are pockets of violence between Turkey-based groups and the Syrian Defence Forces. There have also been incidents of violence against Alawites, the ethnic group closely associated with Assad, and Israeli air strikes in southern Syria, around the bordering regions of the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.
What are the other obstacles? The destruction inflicted on Syria's cities and infrastructure, and limited access to shelter and electricity, has prevented a bigger influx of returning refugees.
Although most Syrians say they intend to return, a UN poll earlier this year suggested that housing, safety, lack of services and economic hardship were key reasons why many did not plan to go back in the next 12 months. The Syrian government hopes Western countries can help with the multi-billion cost of rebuilding, and the US and EU have already agreed to lift sanctions to aid reconstruction.
Some Syrian refugees may never wish to return, however, having built new lives elsewhere. For families with children who have been born and raised far from Syria, there is even less incentive to return, particularly given the ongoing instability and poor living conditions. |