The series of heatwaves “afflicting” Europe this summer have been the “worst ever”, said The Guardian. But wherever in the world they hit, high temperatures can exacerbate gender inequality, and women, particularly in low-income families, are “at the sharp end”.
Why are women more affected? Women are more at risk of health complications during a heatwave for two main reasons, Nighat Arif, an NHS GP who specialises in women’s health, told the BBC.
First, women respond differently to heat than men do: they sweat less, and start sweating at a higher temperature. These thresholds make it harder for women to “quickly shed heat”, and fewer visible indications mean women can find it hard to judge how much their “bodies are under burden”. The second reason is hormone regulation. Levels of oestrogen and progesterone shift “substantially” during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause, and can knock the brain’s temperature regulation systems “out of kilter”.
How does this present itself socially? “How people experience heat is often gendered”, said researchers Febe De Geest and Sergio Jarillo on The Conversation. In domestic settings, particularly across Africa, Asia and Oceania, women tend to spend more time indoors in “poorly ventilated homes”, acting as primary caregivers.
There is also a “seasonal upswing in violence associated with hot weather”, even in countries typically associated with better provisions for the heat, said The Guardian. This could be due to the “temperature-aggression theory”, where hot weather increases “discomfort, frustration, impulsivity, and aggression, all of which make violence more likely”. Or it could be linked to greater alcohol consumption, which in turn “increases the opportunities for interpersonal conflicts and subsequent violence”.
What can be done? In practical terms, it is important that women drink at “least six to eight cups of non-alcoholic, non-caffeinated, transparent-liquid drinks” to help with temperature regulation during periods of extreme heat, GP Anisha Patel told ITV. They should make sure to continue taking prescribed medication as normal, including HRT or other drugs designed to help with the menopause.
Making sure women can cope with the heat is “not a woman’s problem”, Arif told the BBC. “This is a societal problem. If we get it right for women, we get it right for everyone.”
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