Is there still hope for the Arab Spring?

In 2011, inspired by an uprising in Tunisia, thousands of Egyptians took to the streets for 18 days to demand that President Hosni Mubarak step down. To the surprise of many, he did.

"We can breathe fresh air, we can feel our freedom," Gamal Heshamt, a former member of the country's parliament, told The New York Times shortly after it happened. "After 30 years of absence from the world, Egypt is back."

The optimism in Cairo's Tahrir Square was palpable:

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But in the last few days the dream of a democratic Egypt has swiftly turned to nightmare. More than 500 people have reportedly died in clashes between the security forces of the military-led government and supporters of former President Mohammed Morsi, the man who was democratically elected to replace Mubarak.

Other countries that were swept up in the Arab Spring are struggling as well. Last month in Tunisia, where it all started, outrage grew over the assassination of liberal opposition leader Mohamed Brahmi, leading to criticism that the ruling Islamist party was too cozy with extremist groups.

Two years ago this month, the people of Libya — partly inspired by what happened in Egypt — ousted dictator Moammar Gadhafi. Afterwards, as the The New Yorker's Jon Lee Anderson reported, the country became "fatally destabilized" when "militias that arose on various regional battlefronts found themselves in possession of vast arsenals and large swaths of territory."

The uprising in Syria, of course, has devolved into an intractable civil war, with the death toll currently at 100,000 and counting.

Has the Arab Spring come to a bloody end?

Granted, no one expected an entire region to make the transition to liberal democracy quickly and cleanly.

"Our revolution isn’t dead, it is bringing Egypt back to life, painfully and messily," argued Egyptian writer Mona Eltahawy in The New York Times. "Egypt is like a house that’s been under lock and key, every door and window trapped shut for more than 60 years. The revolution kicked them all open and the stench is unbearable. But we are persevering."

Nabila Ramdani, writing in The Guardian, agreed that revolutions are messy business, but still found the prevalence of violence troubling:

Despite the bloodshed, some scholars are taking the longview. Zaid al-Ali, a Cairo-based constitutional expert, noted that, despite setbacks, citizens in Arab Spring countries seemed more willing to publicly criticize their leaders.

“This dynamic of free expression, of political liberalization where now you have lots of political parties and people expressing themselves freely, this will lead us in a positive direction in the long run,” he told the Times.

Even before the region became embroiled in violence, experts were comparing the Arab Spring to the revolutions of 1848, when people rose up across more than 50 countries in Europe to demand, and in some case win, political freedoms.

Most of those nascent movements were eventually suppressed by entrenched military and aristocratic forces. They did, however, serve as the catalyst for democracy in Europe.

When the Arab Spring first became news, Slate's Anne Applebaum predicted that in the next few years that "some or even all of these revolutions might be seen to have failed." That, she claimed, would be shortsighted assumption: