Meet the new pope: Argentina's Jorge Mario Bergoglio

A gathering of Catholic cardinals on Wednesday elected Jorge Mario Bergoglio to become the 266th pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. Bergoglio, who has taken the name Pope Francis I, will succeed Pope Benedict XVI, who abruptly stepped down in February due to health concerns.

Francis is a 76-year-old Argentinean who was formerly the Archbishop of Buenos Aires. He is the first Latin American, as well as the first Jesuit, to become pope. Many had called on the church to elect a non-European, reflecting Catholicism's enduring strength in Latin America, the most populous Catholic region in the world, and Africa, where Catholicism is fast-growing.

Francis will face numerous challenges as the leader of the Catholic faithful. First among them is a child sex abuse scandal that has undermined the church's moral authority around the world, but particularly in Europe and North America, where the abuse was most rampant.

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Francis was reportedly a runner-up in the last papal election in 2005, which resulted in Benedict becoming pope. According to John L. Allen Jr. at The National Catholic Reporter, Francis represented something of a compromise between the church's reformers and hard-liners. "He appealed to conservatives in the College of Cardinals as a man who had held the line against liberalizing currents among the Jesuits, and to moderates as a symbol of the church's commitment to the developing world," says Allen.

Francis' "reputation for personal simplicity also exercised an undeniable appeal," says Allen. "A Prince of the Church who chose to live in a simple apartment rather than the archbishop's palace, who gave up his chauffeured limousine in favor of taking the bus to work, and who cooked his own meals."

Francis' ascension, however, will not be without its controversies. Francis firmly opposes abortion, same-sex marriage, and contraception, the last being a particularly significant position as the Church continues to expand in Africa, where contraception is seen as a vital tool to limit the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. [UPDATE: The Guardian reports that Francis has "a slightly more pragmatic view on contraception, believing that it can be permissible to prevent the spread of disease."] He may also come under scrutiny for the Argentine Catholic Church's relationship to the military regime that seized power of the country in 1976. According to Hugh O'Shaughnessy at The Guardian:

Indeed, prior to the 2005 election, Francis was accused of complicity in the 1976 abduction of two Jesuit priests. Francis has denied the charge, and according to an interview he gave to his biographer, he "took extraordinary, behind-the-scenes action to save them," says CBS News.

As a Jesuit, the choice of the name Francis, the first in a papal history full of Piuses and Benedicts, could not be more significant. Francis Xavier was the co-founder, along with Ignatius of Loyola, of the Jesuit order in the 16th century. Xavier is the church's most renowned missionary, spreading the word of God to India and as far east as Japan. According to Maurice Collis, in his book The Land of the Great Image, "The conversion of the whole Orient was Xavier's ambition," though he was so humble that when he arrived at the Portuguese colony of Goa in 1542, "it was noticed that he was barefoot, that his gown was ragged, and his hood of the coarsest stuff."

By choosing the name Francis, the new pope hopes to impart that mix of humility and ambition, according to church observers. "The new pope is sending a signal that this will not be business as usual," Allen told CNN.