Former PM of France who brought in the 35-hour week
Lionel Jospin, who has died aged 88, became prime minister of France in June 1997 – just a month after Tony Blair was swept to power in the UK, said The Times. They were both politicians of the centre-left, who – to different degrees – had concluded that their parties needed to be more pragmatic in their embrace of market reforms. But whereas Blair won three successive elections, Jospin served just five years before being dramatically knocked out of the first round of the presidential race in April 2002. The polls had predicted that he would face the incumbent, Jacques Chirac, in the runoff, and many thought that he’d make it to the Élysée Palace. But in the event, he was pushed into third place by Jean-Marie Le Pen, of the far-right National Front.
A far-right candidate had never reached the final round before, and it is hard to overstate the shock this result caused in France, said The Guardian. Outside the Socialist Party HQ in Paris, Jospin’s supporters, many in tears, gathered to hear him say that he took full responsibility for this “bolt from the blue”, and that he’d be leaving politics. Thus the man who had introduced France’s 35-hour week, universal health cover and civil partnerships for same sex and heterosexual couples “disappeared into political exile”. Two weeks later, Chirac was re-elected in a landslide, thanks to parties from across the spectrum forming a “Republican front” to keep Le Pen out. But having made this breakthrough, the far-right remained a major presence in French politics.
Lionel Jospin was born into a Protestant and socialist family in Meudon, a suburb of Paris, in 1937. His father was a teacher; his mother had been a midwife, and was said to have raised herself up during his birth by lying on copies of works by Voltaire. He went to his local lycée, then attended the Institut d’études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) and the elite École nationale d’administration, a hothouse for senior civil servants. On graduating, he went straight into a job at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. But in the late 1950s, he had taken part in the student protests against the brutal war in Algeria, and unbeknown to his employers, he had by then joined the Trotskyist International Communist Organisation under a pseudonym. He remained a clandestine member of it until the 1980s.
During the student uprisings of 1968, he left his job, took up a university post, and joined the newly formed Socialist Party, where François Mitterrand, its leader from 1971, took a shine to him. He became an MP in 1981, the year Mitterrand became president. Jospin made his own first tilt at the presidency in 1995. Having been narrowly beaten by Chirac, he formed a left-wing coalition, which won the general election two years later. As PM, he led a government in opposition to the president (“cohabitation”, as it is known in France). Jospin was a moderniser, but he had no time for Blair’s market-friendly Third Way. His mantra was “yes to the market economy, no to the market society”. He nationalised hundreds of public companies, but also expanded the welfare state. Unemployment fell while he was in office, and he was able to cut taxes.
A serious man, he was admired for his integrity and competence (he oversaw France’s transition to the euro), but lacked popular appeal. His defeat in 2002, however, was largely due to his failure to unite various left-wing factions behind him. As a result, an array of candidates stood, splintering the left-wing vote. Four days after his defeat, he called on his supporters to “refuse the far-right” – but did not explicitly endorse Chirac.