The saxophone colossus who reshaped jazz
In 1959, Sonny Rollins was at the peak of his fame and widely viewed as the greatest living jazz improviser. But that summer, the 28-year-old saxophonist suddenly stopped performing. For the next two years, Rollins began improvising on his own, playing rain or shine for up to 15 hours a stretch on New York City’s Williamsburg Bridge, far from the ears of complaining neighbors. A self-critical perfectionist, he felt he needed time to find his own style, as his friend and rival John Coltrane had done. The result was The Bridge, Rollins’ pioneering 1962 album recorded with guitar accompaniment instead of piano, full of lyrical pieces that showcased his ability to build musical narratives. He would go on to be known as America’s greatest living jazz musician, with a career that spanned seven decades. “A lot of people couldn’t comprehend why I would stop playing,” he said in 2001. “But I learned something. It was necessary for me to do to have the kind of confidence I need to play music like this.”
Born in Harlem in 1930, when legends like Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, and Louis Armstrong lived in the neighborhood, Rollins was “always fascinated by music,” said The Washington Post. His mother bought him a sax when he was 7, and he grew up idolizing swing-era greats like Coleman Hawkins and Louis Jordan. But his musical awakening came with the rise of saxophonist Charlie Parker, whose fast tempos and intricate harmonies kicked off the “bebop revolution.” Like Parker, Rollins had a bout with heroin addiction, but he went through rehab in 1955 and rededicated himself to music. He could improvise “intricate melodies without sounding trite or ostentatiously avant-garde” and then, for a ballad, soften his tone “to velvet.”
“Getting clean helped spur an astonishing burst of creativity,” said The Guardian (U.K.). In the 1950s alone, Rollins released 18 albums, including the 1956 landmark Saxophone Colossus. In the following decades, he experimented with other genres such as calypso, funk, and R&B, and played on several songs from the Rolling Stones’ Tattoo You, including “Waiting on a Friend.” With his “muscular sound, idiosyncratic solos, and consistent experimentation,” Rollins was endlessly versatile and in demand, said The Times (U.K.). Yet he was often reclusive, disappearing for years on trips to India and Japan for what he described as his “spiritual quest.” Even when he retired in 2014, he was still unsatisfied with his sound. “What I’m looking for perhaps is unattainable,” he said in 2008. “But I certainly have a right to try to achieve it.”
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