A broken promise

I am the product of generations of upward mobility. My mother's father was an orphan who was raised by relatives in Little Italy and never attended high school. He and my grandmother nonetheless forged a frugal, middle-class life through hard work — he as a fruit-and-vegetable buyer, she as a seamstress in a sweatshop. My father's parents came from Sweden with nothing, and clawed out a livelihood with decades of factory work, floor scrubbing, and milk delivery. Because there was no money, my father bypassed college when he returned from World War II and took a $24-a-week job as a bank teller. Throughout my childhood, he periodically came home with news of promotions and raises; by the time I was 18, he could proudly send me to college.

Thanks to all of my forebears, and the implicit promise that drew millions of people like them to this country, I began life with ample opportunity. Freddie Gray, born into a world of drugs and chaos and brain-damaged by lead as a child, never had a chance.

Today, about 70 percent of the kids growing up in poverty never make it to the middle class. Is that because of culture, family breakdown, and the lack of personal responsibility? Or racism, mass incarceration, and the disappearance of the jobs that once sustained the middle class? The only honest answer is: Yes. All of the above. Blaming one set of factors alone is absurdly simplistic — an exercise in ideological blindness that this country can't afford. Another young black man is dead, six cops face criminal charges, and someplace where there is no hope, it will all soon happen again.

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