From the students occupying university buildings in Hong Kong to activists overthrowing a 30-year dictatorship in Sudan, 2019 has seen a resurgence in the use of protesting as a tool for political and social change.
Dozens of countries have been affected by mass unrest this calendar year, most prompted by similar economic woes and anti-corruption drives but yielding mixed results ranging from total revolution to violent and bloody crackdowns.
Here’s a look at some of the major protests in 2019:
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The crisis in Hong Kong has become one of the year’s most significant news stories. In April, protesters began taking to the streets each weekend to oppose a proposed bill that would have allowed extraditions to mainland China.
Despite the legislation being scrapped, the BBC reports that protesters “now want complete universal suffrage, an independent inquiry into alleged police brutality and amnesty for demonstrators who have been arrested”.
Iraq
Iraq has been rocked by rallies calling for an overhaul of the government since the start of October. Al Jazeera reports that protesters have “denounced rampant corruption, lack of opportunity and poor public services”.
A police crackdown has resulted in the deaths of at least 300 people, with the United Nations warning that the country is heading for a “bloodbath”.
Despite fears that tensions following the revolution could spark a bloody civil war, Sudan’s interim military government and the opposition coalition signed a final power-sharing deal in August paving the way for a transition to a civilian-led government.
Lebanon
Widespread rallies opposing poor economic conditions broke out across Lebanon in late September, with protesters calling for the toppling of the Lebanese elite that had ruled the country since the 1980s.
A month later, Prime Minister Saad Hariri announced his resignation after less than a year in power, but unrest continues amid a “tense stalemate” between authorities and protesters, The Guardian says.
Protests came to Bolivia in October following left-wing President Evo Morales’s unprecedented decision to run for a fourth term. He was reportedly asked to resign by the military in controversial circumstances, with many believing that he was the victim of a coup.
More than a million protesters took to the streets across Chile in mid-October over an increase in subway fares – protests which then spilled over into an airing of grievances over “long-standing frustrations”, Time magazine says.
But a brutal police crackdown characterised by “excessive use of force to torture, illegal raids and arbitrary detention” has marred the rallies and stoked further tensions, Amnesty International says.
Egypt
After years of uneasy calm, Egyptians returned to the streets in September calling for the removal of President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who has “imposed strict austerity measures since 2016”, The Guardian says.
Egypt has stringent anti-protest laws and police have responded with tear gas and live bullets, with thousands of protesters arrested. Sisi has remained defiant and little has changed.
Ecuador
Harsh austerity measures also brought Ecuadorians out in force in October, galvanised by President Lenin Moreno’s decision to repeal fuel subsidies, which have been in place since the 1970s.
Protesters have called for the return of the subsidies and subsequently for Moreno’s resignation and an end to austerity. As of November, the reinstatement of the subsidies has been the only major change.
In October, Spain’s Supreme Court jailed nine Catalan separatist leaders over their role in the region’s 2017 independence referendum, prompting rioting in Barcelona and other major cities. Hundreds were injured and protests are ongoing.
Algeria
In April Algeria’s president, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who had been in power for 20 years, resigned after weeks of street protests. Prime minister Ahmed Ouyahia was also forced to step down.
But according to the BBC, the president’s departure “was not enough for the predominantly young protesters” who are “calling for sweeping government reforms, accusing leaders of widespread corruption and state repression”.
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