The new hotness in conservative policy circles is a beefed-up child tax credit.
The policy is a major plank in "Room to Grow," the new reform conservative manifesto, and Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah) has put such a proposal before Congress. It would leave intact the current $1,000 child tax credit, adding another one of $2,500 on top. This additional credit could be used to reduce payroll tax liability and would not phase out at higher income levels (unlike the current one).
As part of the justification for this policy, reformers have proposed that people should be compensated for their children's future tax payments. Basically, the idea here is that people used to have kids out of a fear of starving in old age; now that retirement is socialized through Social Security and Medicare, that connection has been lost. This has been dubbed the "parental tax penalty," and reformers seek to rectify it by incentivizing having kids.
Matt Bruenig has repeatedly attacked the logic of this, pointing out that because of the design features I mentioned above — chiefly, the fact that as a tax "credit" it disproportionately helps those whose owe more in taxes — the bottom income quintile will receive almost none of the policy's benefits. Furthermore, up to quite a high level, the more money people make, the more benefits they will receive.
If we take the "future child tax payments" logic on its face, Bruenig says, it would seem to militate towards a much more equal disbursement of benefits. He cites a per-head child allowance, a $300 version of which could reduce child poverty by 42 percent at a stroke, as a far better way to accomplish the same goal.
However, to understand the conservative view, I don't think we can consider the "future tax payments" argument as anything more than a vague gesture. The major motivation is the belief that the middle class and upper class are disproportionately being disincentivized from having kids.
I spoke with economist Robert Stein, who originally proposed the policy in National Affairs and wrote the manifesto chapter in question. "I look at it in terms of economic efficiency," he said. Social Security and Medicare have created a "subtle bias against raising children," but somebody is still going to have to produce the next generation. Our old-age system is "suppressing" fertility.
However, this doesn't hold for the poor, according to Stein, because the "pre-existing generosity" of the Earned Income Credit has already given them quite a large incentive to have kids. The proposed child tax credit is designed to "hold harmless the bottom 20 percent," but "not designed to encourage fertility in the poor over and above what we already do," he said. The idea is "trying to allow people to have the number of kids they would without government intervention."
Thus, when I brought up the child poverty angle, Stein demurred. The policy "is not addressed toward child poverty," he said. "I have no idea what to do [about that]." When I asked specifically about Bruenig's child allowance proposal, he said that perhaps it could be a good idea, but similar to how Ross Douthat reacted, he suggested we "might want to hinge it on something," like a work requirement.
Positive notices aside, I suspect Bruenig is wrong to hope that he might get conservatives on board with his child allowance proposal. Nearly a quarter of all children live in poverty and fertility rates are strongly inversely correlated with income — the birth rate among families making less than $10,000 is nearly twice that of families making more than $75,000. Therefore, any straightforward allowance disbursed on a per-child basis would heavily favor the very poor, and would run headlong into conservatives' desire to not encourage fertility there.
Update: Turns out this final argument isn't quite complete. To get a correct view of poverty and fertility rates, one has to control for age, because people get richer as they get older as Bruenig explains here. This wouldn't close the fertility gap between rich and poor, but it would narrow it somewhat.
