Grooming gangs inquiry: UK scandal explained
Three-year statutory investigation will look into how gangs operated as well as alleged cover-ups by institutions such as the police and local authorities
The national inquiry into grooming gangs should be expanded to cover alleged cover-ups in Birmingham and Bradford, the safeguarding minister has said.
So far only the Oldham area has been confirmed for investigation. Jess Phillips, Labour MP for Birmingham Yardley, told a home affairs committee that other cities should be included as well, adding “I personally can’t say this enough.”
There has been “growing pressure” for an inquiry into Bradford “to address allegations that the scale of abuse was covered up”, said The Telegraph. It came after a dossier drawn up by child abuse lawyer and Conservative MP Robbie Moore claimed at least 7,975 children in Bradford had been at risk of sexual exploitation between 1996 and 2025.
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The three-year statutory inquiry into grooming gangs, led by Labour peer Anne Longfield, a former children’s commissioner, formally opened last month when it published its long-awaited Terms of Reference and began to consider which towns and cities should be the focus of local investigations.
Do we need another national public inquiry?
Some experts thought not. Public inquiries are slow and expensive; there have already been local inquiries in Rotherham (twice) and Telford, reviews in Oldham and Rochdale. Grooming gangs were among the issues looked at by an independent inquiry into institutional sexual abuse of children – which also covered child exploitation by organised networks, as well as abuse within the care system, in penal institutions and in the Catholic and the Anglican Church. That inquiry, launched in 2015 and led by social work expert Alexis Jay, published its final report in 2022.
The problem is well understood, some would say; the vital thing now is to tackle it.
Even Louise Casey, who led a government-commissioned audit last year, wasn’t sure about the need for another national inquiry but she told the BBC that she changed her mind while writing her report because of “the reluctance” of local authorities to accept “that they have failings” and that they “didn’t treat victims well enough”.
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How did the UK grooming gangs scandal emerge?
Reports of young girls being groomed by gangs of men, largely of Pakistani heritage, first began to emerge in 2002, when the then-Labour MP Ann Cryer warned that it was happening in her West Yorkshire constituency of Keighley.
In 2010, a group of five men were convicted of sexual offences against girls aged 12 to 16 in Rotherham in South Yorkshire. The Times then launched a long investigation, exposing not only the shocking extent of child sexual exploitation in Rotherham, but also a wider pattern of horrendous abuse of young girls by organised networks of predominantly British-Pakistani men.
The story began to gain wider traction. In recent years, child-grooming gangs have been jailed in more than a dozen other English towns, mostly in the north of England and the Midlands – notably Rochdale, Oldham and Telford, but also Bristol, Oxford, Huddersfield, Halifax and Banbury, among others.
Why are they called grooming gangs?
Child sexual abuse is mostly carried out by relatives and other trusted figures. But in these cases, gangs used grooming techniques to find their victims in public: girls aged 11 to 16, mostly white, often from troubled backgrounds, would be flooded with attention from men a few years older, who often worked as taxi drivers or in takeaways; many were involved in the illegal drug trade. The girls would be given alcohol or drugs and then deceived or forced into sex with one man, who would then pass them on to be raped, often violently, by his friends or relatives.
“It is hard to describe the appalling nature of the abuse that child victims suffered,” noted a 2014 report by Jay looking into abuse in Rotherham. “They were raped by multiple perpetrators, trafficked to other towns and cities in the north of England, abducted, beaten and intimidated.” Children were “doused in petrol and threatened with being set alight, threatened with guns, made to witness brutally violent rapes and threatened [that] they would be next if they told anyone. Girls as young as 11 were raped by large numbers of male perpetrators.” Some victims were murdered: in Telford, Lucy Lowe died at 16 with her mother and sister when her abuser set fire to her home in 2000. She was pregnant, for a second time, by him when she died.
How many children were abused?
Very large numbers. In Rotherham, at least 1,400 girls were estimated to have been abused by grooming gangs between 1997 and 2013; in Telford, it is estimated that over 1,000 children were abused over three decades. In Rochdale, an inquiry identified 74 probable victims and evidence of a much wider problem. But the statistics are incomplete and highly contested.
How did the authorities respond?
A series of local inquiries have exposed an official response that was unforgivably inadequate. In her 2014 Rotherham report, Jay said that South Yorkshire Police had treated child victims with “contempt”, and that social workers had “underplayed” the problem.
In at least two cases, police arrested the fathers of abused girls when they attempted to remove their daughters from the houses where they were being abused. On another occasion, police attended a derelict house and found an intoxicated girl with several male abusers; they arrested the child for being “drunk and disorderly”, but detained none of the men.
Inquiries in both Telford and Rotherham also found that child sexual exploitation was dismissed as “child prostitution”; teachers and social workers were discouraged from reporting abuse. Witnesses were not protected. Other inquiries and reviews in Rochdale and Oldham identified similar issues.
More recent testimony by victims has also alleged that some of the police officers abused girls themselves, and “corrupt police officers worked alongside the gangs or failed to act on child sexual exploitation”, said the BBC. No public servants have yet been charged in connection with the scandal.
Why did officials fail to address grooming gangs properly?
There are a range of explanations, from lack of understanding and incompetence to snobbery, misogyny and fear of inflaming racial tensions.
Many of the victims came from care homes. Some police officers referred to them as “slags”, and to their abuse as a “lifestyle choice”; the issue was given a low priority. Prosecutors saw victims as poor witnesses. Social workers in Rotherham were often “overwhelmed”, Jay found. Another inquiry found that Rotherham Council was “in denial”.
And then there’s the issue of ethnicity. Early whistleblowers, including MP Ann Cryer, former police officer Maggie Oliver and journalists Andrew Norfolk and Julie Bindel, were dismissed as Islamophobic and racist and, in 2004, a Channel 4 documentary about Asian men grooming girls in Bradford was postponed over fears that it could lead to race riots. There is evidence that many officials feared being accused of racism: Jay found that councillors had fretted that discussion of the issue could harm “community cohesion”; Telford’s inquiry also identified a “nervousness about race”. A vast amount of evidence was ignored and there have been many claims of cover-ups.
In her report, Casey said that the system “consistently failed” to acknowledge that the perpetrators were disproportionately from Asian or Pakistani backgrounds and targeted white girls. “Flawed data”, she said, was “used repeatedly to dismiss claims about ‘Asian grooming gangs’ as sensationalised, biased or untrue”. State institutions often avoided the topic for “fear of appearing racist, raising community tensions or causing community cohesion problems”.
What is Keir Starmer’s role in the scandal?
“Deeply complicit in the mass rapes.” That’s how Elon Musk characterised his role in the grooming scandal in 2024. But is this accurate? The short answer is an emphatic “no”.
As director of public prosecutions, Starmer headed the Crown Prosecution Service between 2008 and 2013, with overall responsibility for bringing criminal charges in England and Wales. Musk’s claim appears to refer to a decision taken by a CPS lawyer in July 2009 to drop a child grooming case in Rochdale because the victim wasn’t considered credible (despite her attacker’s DNA being found on her underwear). The abuse continued after the case was dropped.
However, Starmer was not involved in that decision and, in 2011, he supported the decision of Nazir Afzal, the then chief prosecutor for North West England, to reopen the case. As a result, nine men were jailed in 2012 for sexually exploiting up to 47 girls. In 2013, Starmer introduced CPS rules for grooming cases, to try to ensure that victims were heard and “stereotypes” about them challenged; prosecutions rose to record levels. That year, Starmer and the CPS were commended by a Commons Home Affairs Select Committee for trying to uncover “systematic failure and to improve the way things are done”.
How has the government responded?
Starmer’s government had been under pressure to launch a national inquiry for some time. In January last year, the then home secretary Yvette Cooper announced a compromise solution: a “rapid” nationwide audit of grooming gang evidence led by Casey, and five government-backed local inquiries. Starmer then accepted Casey’s recommendations to hold a national police operation to review any cases that have not been acted on, and to set up a national inquiry overseen by an Independent Commission.
Running for three years with a budget of £65 million, it will comprise a “series of targeted local investigations into the group-based child sexual exploitation of girls by grooming gangs, overseen by a national panel”, said the BBC. Terms of Reference published in March stated that the investigation will look into how grooming gangs operated and how institutions, including the police, local authorities, health services, social care services and schools, responded to the abuse. It will also “explicitly examine the role of ethnicity, religion and culture, when considering the factors that drive and enable group-based child sexual exploitation and abuse”.
As a statutory inquiry, it will “have more powers – such as requiring people to testify and release other forms of evidence”, said the BBC.
The government has also announced increased funding for the Tackling Organised Exploitation Programme, which includes equipping police forces with AI-enabled technology to analyse large swathes of data and communication patterns between suspects, as well as translate messages sent in foreign languages.