America's natural gas boom

The fossil fuel has replaced coal as the top source of electricity in the U.S. Is that good for the climate? Here's everything you need to know: 

Is natural gas cleaner than coal?

It’s long been considered the more climate friendly of the two fossil fuels. That’s largely because gas-burning power plants emit about half as much carbon dioxide per unit of energy compared with coal-fired plants. Natural gas, now the dominant fuel in the U.S. electricity sector, has other advantages over coal. It generates fewer toxic airborne pollutants when burned. Extracting the fuel through hydraulic fracturing or "fracking" — using high-pressurized water, sand and chemicals to fracture underground rock formations, releasing gas and oil — also has a less destructive impact on land than open-pit coal mines. Those factors have led energy companies, lawmakers and even some environmentalists to call natural gas a reliable "bridge fuel" that can reduce emissions amid the transition to renewables. And since 2005, planet-warming carbon emissions from U.S. power plants have shrunk by some 40% as hundreds of coal-fired power plants have been retired and many replaced with gas plants. But a growing body of research is now casting doubt on natural gas as a climate solution. The fuel is "a bridge to nowhere," said Leah Stokes, an expert on environmental politics at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

What’s the problem with natural gas?

When the fuel’s entire ground-to-combustion life cycle is considered, natural gas is just as harmful to the climate as coal, researchers argue. Natural gas is almost entirely made up of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that’s nearly 90 times more powerful at trapping heat in the atmosphere in the short term than carbon dioxide. And natural gas production is notoriously leaky. The gas is sometimes released at fracking sites for safety purposes, but it also escapes from wells and processing plants and from pipelines that transport it to power plants and homes. A recent study led by researchers at the Rocky Mountain Institute in Colorado found it takes only 0.2% of gas to leak from the country’s gas production and supply system for the fuel to be as big a driver of climate change as coal. Aerial surveys of U.S. oil and gas production sites, the researchers note, have found leak rates ranging from 0.65% to 66.2%. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) — the gas takes up 600 times less space in its liquid form and so is easier to export — could have an even bigger climate impact.

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Why is LNG considered such a risk?

Supercooling the gas to minus 259 degrees Fahrenheit — the temperature at which
it condenses into a liquid — is an energy intensive process. LNG is then loaded onto specialized carrier ships, which set sail for Europe and Asia. During long voyages, insulated storage tanks inevitably absorb heat from the outside air, causing some LNG to re-gasify. The so-called boil-off gas must then be released to maintain the tanks’ pressure; the most modern LNG ships use that boiled-off methane for fuel. Robert Warren Howarth, a methane expert at Cornell University, estimates that in the best-case scenario, the life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions from LNG are 24% higher than those from digging up and burning coal. In the worst case, emissions are 274% higher. "Ending the use of LNG must be a priority," said Howarth. But most energy analysts believe the U.S. LNG industry is just at the start of a decades-long boom.

What’s driving that growth?

Energy insecurity. Following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the European Union went from importing more than 50% of its gas from Russia to below 20%. The EU offset that loss by ramping up imports of LNG, helping to transform
the U.S. — which exported almost no LNG a decade ago — into the world’s largest supplier of the fuel. More than two dozen new or expanded export terminals are now being constructed or are under consideration in the U.S. and exports of LNG are expected to double over the next four years. Activists who oppose this expansion are effectively "denying energy security to millions of people," said a spokesperson for Venture Global, which is seeking to build a $10 billion LNG export facility in southwestern Louisiana.

Does the Biden administration support such projects?

It has approved natural gas projects at roughly the same rate as the climate-indifferent Trump administration, including plans this year for a $39 billion gas pipeline and LNG plant in Alaska. The administration is also trying to curb the industry’s planet-warming emissions. The Inflation Reduction Act, signed by President Biden last year, allows fines to be levied against companies that emit large quantities of the gas. And under new Environmental Protection Agency rules announced earlier this month, oil and gas firms will be required to monitor and fix methane leaks. Third parties, including environmental groups, will also be allowed to detect and report large methane releases.

Will that make a difference?

The EPA estimates that its new rules, likely to be challenged by Republican-led states, could eliminate 58 million tons of methane emissions by 2038 — equivalent to the annual carbon emissions of all U.S. coal-fired plants. But technology that will allow for precise methane measurements is still being developed. The planes, drones, ground sensors and satellites currently in use provide intermittent and limited data, which could make it easier for emitters to file legal challenges against any penalties. Still, "the problems are way smaller than the opportunity to finally, finally deal directly with a greenhouse gas," said Deborah Gordon of the Rocky Mountain Institute, "especially a very powerful greenhouse gas that has never been on the agenda."

Shrewd branding for natural gas

What so “natural” about natural gas? The fossil fuel’s name has its roots in the 1820s, when gunsmith William Hart decided to tap the flammable gas that bubbled up from a creek near his home in Fredonia, New York. That gas, which he sold for lighting, was nicknamed "nature’s gas" to distinguish it from coal gas, which is manufactured. That nickname transformed into natural gas, a moniker that energy companies have used in recent decades to help position gas as a green alternative to coal. Much as consumers are more likely to have a positive opinion of foods and cosmetics branded natural and clean, a 2021 poll found that 77% of voters had a favorable view of natural gas but only 29% felt the same about methane. To fight this clean image, some environmentalists now refer to natural gas as methane gas, fossil gas, or fracked gas. But those terms could backfire: Another 2021 poll found Republican voters viewed natural gas more favorably when it was called fossil gas or fracked gas.

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