New York City experienced record rainfall last week, prompting officials to declare a state of emergency due to mass flooding. Extreme rainfall events like this will likely become more common as climate change becomes more severe, which means cities around the world must be prepared to handle increased flooding. The solution may lie in converting our beloved concrete jungles into so-called “sponge cities," which would do a better job than traditional cities of absorbing excess water into the ground.
How could ‘sponge cities' help with flooding?
Most cities today are built with layers of concrete and asphalt that act as a "kind of seal atop the landscape," Wired wrote. As a result, the ground is "impermeable," meaning water can’t sink into it and instead "has to rage across town, turning subway stairs into waterfalls and swamping schools." This isn’t a problem specific to New York City and many cities are at risk of similar consequences.
Today, "our cities are designed to resist water and remove it very quickly," wrote Maclean’s Usman T. Khan, who explained that “water is directed by hard surfaces like concrete into drains,” which take it "into underground pipes that lead from cities into rivers, lakes, or the ocean." Known as gray infrastructure, these "industrialized [solutions]" can fail or have "bad side effects," Yu Kongjian, the architect who pitched the idea of "sponge cities," told NPR.
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Conversely, sponge cities are "designed to make greater use of lower-impact 'nature-based solutions' to better distribute water and improve drainage and storage," Reuters reported. This involves adding more green spaces to cities, which would then absorb water and act as a measure against flooding. "This kind of city is designed to soak up water … and release it back over time into the ecosystem," Khan continued. "The idea is to mimic the natural water cycle that would occur if there was no city there at all."
The sponge approach pushes "boundaries in terms of the environmental aspects of cleaning water and working with monsoon, working with rain, working with environmental processes rather than against them," Gareth Doherty, an associate professor of landscape architecture at Harvard University, told NPR.
How can we make cities spongy?
Creating sponge cities would involve “the use of permeable asphalt, the construction of new canals and ponds and also the restoration of wetlands, which would not only ease waterlogging, but also improve the urban environment,” per Reuters. The most compelling option is to create green spaces in urban areas because they “don’t just mitigate flooding,” Wired explained. They also “beautify the urban landscape and improve residents’ mental health,” as well as “filter out microplastics and other pollutants.”
The few instances in which the sponge city approach was implemented did yield positive results. One such experiment took place in Yanweizhou Park in China, where Yu, the architect, removed a concrete flood wall and instead “planted natural grass, willows and reeds and installed overflow ponds and permeable footpaths,” NPR wrote. The measures proved successful during typhoon season this summer. “The water drained quickly, and there wasn't much pooling," the park’s groundskeeper, Sun Zheng'an, told the outlet.
New York City is also making moves to implement elements of a sponge city. “NYC has the largest and most aggressive green infrastructure program in the nation,” Edward Timbers, spokesperson for the NYC Department of Environmental Protection, told Wired. “Last year we developed new stormwater regulations that require any new development or redevelopment to manage stormwater onsite, and not allow it to drain off into the roadway where it can contribute to flooding.”
Are there drawbacks?
Cost and scale are two huge issues. “Urban land is expensive, so green spaces aren’t cheap,” wrote Wired. Also, as rains become heavier and more frequent due to climate change, a rather substantial level of green infrastructure may be needed to ease the flooding. "It's a growing movement,” Erica Gies, author of water management book “Water Always Wins,” told NPR. “But it needs to grow a lot faster and at [a] much bigger scale for it to really help reverse” the “extreme” way we “have altered the natural water cycle."
