What are the long-term effects of alcohol?

Cancer is not the only disease that can be influenced by alcohol consumption

3/4 shot of two tumblers being filled with whiskey on a wood tabletop
The medical community was 'always a little bit skeptical' about the benefits of drinking alcohol
(Image credit: Catherine Falls Commercial / Getty Images)

The outgoing U.S. Surgeon General made headlines when he called for a cancer warning on alcoholic beverages. But cancer is not the only risk you run with a regular after-work drink.

Alcohol has long been thought "to be associated with some health benefits," said CNN. But a new report from Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy "aims to dispel any notion that alcohol is harmless." Drinking is a "well-established, preventable cause of cancer" that causes up to 20,000 deaths a year, Murthy said. That makes it the third-leading cause of preventable cancer. Yet, Murthy added, a "majority of Americans are unaware of this risk." It is time to be aware of the risks, said Dr. Brian P. Lee, a liver specialist at University of Southern California. "Really, there's no benefit" even to light drinking, he said.

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Does age make a difference?

Alcohol is "so dangerous” to the brains of young adults, David Robson said at BBC News. Alcohol has a profound effect on young people "even after they have passed the legal minimum drinking age." Young people metabolize alcohol differently: A "relatively large part" of what they drink "ends up in the brains of young people," said Ruud Roodbeen, a postdoctoral researcher at Maastricht University. That can have long-term effects, because young brains go through a continual "complex rewiring that does not end until at least the age of 25," said the BBC.

So it is safer to drink when you're older, right? Maybe not. People in their 60s and 70s may notice their after-dinner drink "seems to hit them a bit harder than it did in their younger years," said The Washington Post. Older folks usually see a drop in alcohol tolerance, thanks to a "decrease in lean muscle and an increase in body fat," which in turn makes them more susceptible to falls and car crashes. Older people find their brains are also changing. As that happens, "the impact of alcohol becomes bigger," said Aaron White of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

Are there any upsides?

It is difficult for scientists to identify many benefits. Drinking "provides calories, but no other nutrients," researcher Carrie Daniel-MacDougall said to The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. But there are a number of health benefits to giving up alcohol. Doing so can even make you look better. Abstaining from drinking could "transform your skin," said Vogue. Drinking "dehydrates and inflames" the skin. Giving it up can help you maintain a youthful glow, said nutritionist Jairo Rodriguez. "If you want to look older," he said, "go ahead and drink!"

Joel Mathis, The Week US

Joel Mathis is a writer with 30 years of newspaper and online journalism experience. His work also regularly appears in National Geographic and The Kansas City Star. His awards include best online commentary at the Online News Association and (twice) at the City and Regional Magazine Association.