The heat waves afflicting regions around the world this summer have been some of the worst ever. And these high temperatures can exacerbate gender inequality, said The Guardian, and women, particularly in low-income families, are “at the sharp end.”
Why are women more impacted? Women are more at risk of health complications during a heat wave for two main reasons, said Nighat Arif, a U.K. doctor who specializes in women’s health, to the BBC. First, women respond differently to heat than men do. They sweat less and start sweating at a higher temperature. These thresholds make it harder for women to “quickly shed excess heat,” and fewer visible indications mean women can find it hard to judge how much their bodies are “under burden,” said the outlet.
The second reason is hormone regulation. Levels of estrogen and progesterone shift “substantially” during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause and can knock the brain’s temperature regulation systems “out of kilter,” said the BBC.
How does this present itself socially? “How people experience heat is often gendered,” said researchers Febe De Geest and Sergio Jarillo at The Conversation. In domestic settings, particularly across Africa, Asia and Oceania, women tend to spend more time indoors in “poorly ventilated homes,” acting as primary caregivers.
There’s also a “seasonal upswing in violence associated with hot weather,” even in countries typically associated with better provisions for the heat, said The Guardian. This could be due to the “temperature-aggression theory,” in which hot weather increases “discomfort, frustration, impulsivity and aggression, all of which make violence more likely.” Or it could be linked to greater alcohol consumption, which in turn “increases the opportunities for interpersonal conflicts and subsequent violence.”
What can be done? In practical terms, it’s important that women drink “at least six to eight cups of nonalcoholic, noncaffeinated transparent-liquid drinks” to help with temperature regulation during periods of extreme heat, said U.K. doctor Anisha Patel to ITV. They should make sure to continue taking prescribed medication as normal, including HRT or other drugs designed to help with menopause.
Making sure women can cope with heat is “not a woman’s problem,” said Arif to the BBC. “This is a societal problem. If we get it right for women, we get it right for everyone.”
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