Pros and cons of legalising assisted dying

On Friday MPs will debate and vote on a bill in Parliament that would make it legal for people who are over 18 and terminally ill to receive assistance to end their own life.

Backbench Labour MP Kim Leadbeater put the bill forward in October, stating that "now is the time" to revisit assisted dying. She said her proposals aim to give eligible adults nearing the end of their lives the option to shorten their suffering, should they wish to do so. MPs rejected a bill on the issue in 2015, said the BBC.

The bill sets out specific requirements for who is eligible to receive assistance, including the need to have the "mental capacity to make a choice" and that they are "expected to die within six months". Two independent doctors must make assessments before a high court judge makes a final ruling.

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MPs will be given a "free vote" on the bill, meaning they do not have to follow party lines and can vote on their "own values and opinions of their constituents", said The Independent.

For the bill to become law, it must gain approval from both MPs and peers, but it is currently unclear which way the vote will go. There have been a number of "high-profile interventions against the bill" including from Health Secretary Wes Streeting, Justice Secretary Shabana Mahmood, and Gordon Brown, said The Guardian.

Energy Secretary Ed Miliband and David Cameron are notable supporters of the bill, while Keir Starmer has remained tight-lipped on his voting intention and has faced "criticism for refusing to reveal his stance", said The Independent.

The law on assisted dying came to particular attention earlier this year after a petition backed by broadcaster and campaigner Esther Rantzen gained more than 200,000 signatures. Rantzen, who has stage four lung cancer, revealed last year that she had joined the assisted dying clinic Dignitas, in Switzerland, but that under current UK law her family could be at risk of prosecution if they helped her travel there to end her life.

Also known as euthanasia, assisted dying is a controversial issue for legislatures worldwide, with widely cited arguments both for and against a practice that is legal in some countries while totally taboo in others.

It is currently banned in England, Wales and Northern Ireland – although illegal in Scotland there is no specific criminal offence of assisting a suicide – and carries a maximum prison sentence of 14 years.

Pro: an end to suffering

Allowing patients to end their suffering is not only morally justified but also essential to upholding the right to personal and bodily autonomy, advocates argue.

A major parliamentary inquiry set up last year to explore whether assisted dying should be legalised in the UK received tens of thousands of submissions from people facing "uncontrollable" pain and "unbearable suffering", which palliative care alone cannot fix, The Guardian reported.

Paul Lamb, a paralysed former builder from Leeds who died in June 2021, had lost his legal case to challenge UK laws on assisted dying seven months earlier.

"I cannot understand, in a civilised society like ours, why I should be forced to suffer when millions of people around the world already have the choice I asked for," he told the BBC in November 2020.

Con: losing legal protection

It is currently a criminal offence under the 1961 Suicide Act to help someone take their own life, punishable by up to 14 years in prison.

Some people believe that legalising euthanasia would put too much power in the hands of doctors, who could abuse their position, or relatives.

Rita Marker, executive director of the International Task Force on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in the US, has argued: "Euthanasia and assisted suicide are not about the right to die. They are about the right to kill."

Former Paralympic athlete Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson said that for many disabled people, a law change would see their "choice" removed because of the rising cost of health and social care. People need to "understand the consequences of a law change", she said, because it could make disabled people believe the "only choice they have is to end their lives".

The UK's anti-euthanasia alliance Care Not Killing said that the law is also in place to protect the vulnerable "from being pressured into ending their lives".

Making her case against any law change, Ilora Finlay, a crossbench peer and palliative care physician, told the parliamentary inquiry that legalising euthanasia in Britain could result in between 5,800 and 58,000 assisted deaths a year, based on extrapolated data from countries where it is already legal. "Such demand would divert an already stretched workforce of NHS clinicians," she said.

Pro: ending 'mercy killings'

According to Dignity in Dying, 44% of people would break the law and help a loved one to die, risking 14 years in prison.

In 2022 the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said it was considering revising its stance on so-called mercy killings so that defendants are less likely to face criminal charges.

"We are not decriminalising any offence," Max Hill, then director of public prosecutions and head of the CPS, told the i news site in 2022, but in offences "born solely out of compassion", justice can sometimes "be achieved by not prosecuting".

Campaigners claim that UK police are also increasingly turning a blind eye to people travelling to other countries to assist loved ones to end their life.

Con: 'slippery slope'

Opponents argue that normalising euthanasia would be a move towards legalised murder.

They say that even with "watertight qualifying criteria and safeguards" the law will be "expanded in time and the restrictions loosened", said The Guardian. A "pressing concern for lawyers" is "successful human rights challenges" by people who were not granted assisted dying, inevitably softening the law in a way which wasn't initially intended by MPs.

This "slippery slope is real", said James Mildred of Care (Christian Action Research and Education), which campaigns against assisted suicide. In a 2018 article in The Economist, Mildred cited "a steady increase year on year in the number of people being killed or helped to commit suicide by their doctors" in countries that have legalised assisted suicide, as the rules are loosened over time.

"Critics say this is happening in Canada," said New Scientist, "with the criteria for assisted dying having expanded once already and a further change planned." Canada, which introduced Medical Assistance in Dying, or MAID, in 2016, has seen the number of people choosing to end their life rise steadily ever since, with MAID deaths comprising 4.1% of all deaths in 2022.

Pro: shifting opinion

There has been a significant shift in recent years among both the public and professional medical opinion regarding assisted dying for people with a terminal illness.

According to a November YouGov poll, 73% of Britons believe "in principle" that assisted dying should be permitted in the UK, while 13% do not. Only a minority are opposed to it "in principle and in practice", while 19% say they support the principle but do not believe it is "possible to create adequate laws to regulate it".

A 2020 survey by Dignity in Dying said opinion was also shifting among doctors, with 50% "in favour of law change on assisted dying" and 39% opposed.

Con: religious concerns

Many religious people, especially Catholics, believe that life is the ultimate gift and that taking that away is usurping power that belongs to God only.

In 2020, the Vatican reiterated the Roman Catholic Church's opposition to assisted suicide and euthanasia, describing them as "intrinsically evil" acts "in every situation or circumstance", The New York Times reported.