How Iran is using bitcoin to dodge Trump’s sanctions
Tehran government issues 1,000 cryptocurrency mining permits in bid to kickstart struggling economy
Iran is turning to cryptocurrencies in a bid to offset the damage inflicted by US sanctions as the economic war between the two nations intensifies.
Tehran is using digital coins to avoid transactions through traditional banks, and also hopes to cash in on the gains traditionally made by such currencies when traditional markets falter.
The value of leading digital currency bitcoin has soared by almost 30% since the start of the year, as the coronavirus outbreak triggers slumps in global stock and oil markets, reports The Times.
Subscribe to The Week
Escape your echo chamber. Get the facts behind the news, plus analysis from multiple perspectives.
Sign up for The Week's Free Newsletters
From our morning news briefing to a weekly Good News Newsletter, get the best of The Week delivered directly to your inbox.
From our morning news briefing to a weekly Good News Newsletter, get the best of The Week delivered directly to your inbox.
What are the US sanctions?
Sanctions placed on Iran’s energy, shipping and financial sectors by Donald Trump after the US president abandoned a nuclear deal in 2018 effectively banned foreign companies, territories and states from trading with or investing in the Middle Eastern country.
US companies are barred from doing deals not only with Iran, but also with other countries or foreign firms that do so.
In May last year, Trump ended exemptions from US secondary sanctions - such as exclusion from US markets - for major importers of Iranian oil, reports the BBC.
He said the move, combined with further restrictions on the banking sector, was “intended to bring Iran’s oil exports to zero, denying the regime its principal source of revenue”.
And the effect on Iran?
The value of Iran’s currency, the rial, has halved since Trump first began reimposing embargoes less than two years ago. Food prices are increasing and Iran’s foreign currency reserves have shrunk by 20% since 2013.
The recession-hit country’s GDP contracted by 4.8% in 2018 and by an estimated 9.5% in 2019, according to the International Monetary Fund, which is forecasting zero growth this year.
Living costs in Iran have risen dramatically, with inflation climbing from 9% in 2017 to an estimated 30.5% in 2018 and 35.7% in 2019.
The price of meat has increased by 116%, with overall food and drink prices up 61% year-on-year.
Last November, the government announced that it would be cutting petrol subsidies, causing the cost to rise by 50%, and banning drivers of private cars from purchasing more than 60 litres a month.
The move proved to be the breaking point for many Iranians, hundreds of thousands of whom took to the streets in cities nationwide to protest. In response, government security forces launched a brutal crackdown that left at least 208 people dead and thousands more injured, according to Amnesty International.
How are cryptocurrencies used to avoid sanctions?
Unlike traditional currencies, cryptocurrencies exist only in digital form. There is no central bank, and payments do not go through the Swift system that other banks use to share information, so regulators can’t monitor or block transactions.
“The system is designed explicitly to avoid central banks and large financial institutions,” says The New York Times. “With Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, there is simply no way to duplicate the banking sanctions that have proved so damaging to the Iranian economy.”
Iranians are also taking advantage of their country’s cheap power rates to “mine” cryptocurrencies - using computers to solve complex equations that verify transactions made with cryptocurrencies and group them in a secure “blockchain”, in return for payment with new coins.
In most countries, the cost of the electricity needed to power the computers is greater than the value of the mined bitcoin. But Iran has some of the lowest electricity prices in the world - 0.5p per kilowatt hour, compared with an average of 14.4p in the UK, according to The Times.
Last week, Iran’s Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade issued 1,000 new cryptocurrency mining permits in the hope of generating billions of dollars worth of currency to bolster the Iranian economy. The Iranian Information and Communications Technology Guild estimates that the move could generate $8.5bn (£6.5bn).
“If a country is mining cryptocurrency, it can stockpile it,” Kayla Izenman, a cryptocurrencies analyst at London’s Royal United Services Institute think-tank, told The Times. “It’s volatile but it will keep at least some of its value.”
Sign up for Today's Best Articles in your inbox
A free daily email with the biggest news stories of the day – and the best features from TheWeek.com
-
Big Tech critic Brendan Carr is Trump's FCC pick
In the Spotlight The next FCC commissioner wants to end content moderation practices on social media sites
By David Faris Published
-
ATACMS, the long-range American missiles being fired by Ukraine
The Explainer President Joe Biden has authorized their use for the first time in the war
By Justin Klawans, The Week US Published
-
The bacterial consequences of hurricanes
Under the radar Floodwaters are microbial hotbeds
By Devika Rao, The Week US Published
-
Brendan Carr, Trump's FCC pick, takes aim at Big Tech
In the Spotlight The next FCC commissioner wants to end content moderation practices on social media sites
By David Faris Published
-
'This needs to be a bigger deal'
Instant Opinion Opinion, comment and editorials of the day
By Justin Klawans, The Week US Published
-
The political latitude of Musk's cost-cutting task force
Talking Points A $2 trillion goal. And big obstacles in the way.
By Joel Mathis, The Week US Published
-
New York DA floats 4-year Trump sentencing freeze
Speed Read President-elect Donald Trump's sentencing is on hold, and his lawyers are pushing to dismiss the case while he's in office
By Rafi Schwartz, The Week US Published
-
'It may not be surprising that creative work is used without permission'
Instant Opinion Opinion, comment and editorials of the day
By Justin Klawans, The Week US Published
-
What message is Trump sending with his Cabinet picks?
TODAY'S BIG QUESTION By nominating high-profile loyalists like Matt Gaetz and RFK Jr., is Trump serious about creating a functioning Cabinet, or does he have a different plan in mind?
By Rafi Schwartz, The Week US Published
-
Gaetz ethics report in limbo as sex allegations emerge
Speed Read A lawyer representing two women alleges that Matt Gaetz paid them for sex, and one witnessed him having sex with minor
By Peter Weber, The Week US Published
-
The clown car Cabinet
Opinion Even 'Little Marco' towers above his fellow nominees
By Mark Gimein Published