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The Fed has a premature extractulation problem
It happens to a lot of central banks. But there are work-arounds.
The Federal Reserve just can't seem to get the job done. Since the financial crisis of 2008, America's central bank has repeatedly tried to stop its unconventional stimulus program — and each time has proven premature.
That looks to be happening again today. Just last month, the Fed finally finished tapering off its last round of quantitative easing, and the economy immediately started to slide toward deflation. If this continues, then the Fed may be forced to step back in with more stimulus. And if that happens, they really ought to consider a serious change in strategy.
Before I go further, what are we talking about? Quantitative easing (QE) is a deeply terrible name for a kind of monetary stimulus. The Fed buys long-term government bonds and other financial assets with new money. That will push down long-term interest rates and increase bank reserves, which then will hopefully be lent out. The details (see here for more) aren't as important as the overall point: to push money out into the economy with the goal of sparking growth and creating jobs.
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So let's wind the tape back to 2008, when the first round of quantitative easing happened as part of the Fed's desperate moves to stop deflation. Deflation is perhaps the major concern of central banks, since it leads to a self-reinforcing cycle of economic collapse, as during the Great Depression. Disinflation, or falling but still positive inflation, poses similar though less severe problems. The first round of QE (consisting of basically ad-hoc purchases of bonds and assets up through mid-2010), in conjunction with the Recovery Act, bounced inflation back up into positive territory (though they fell far, far short of fully repairing the economy).
By that time in 2010, everyone was talking about the economy's "green shoots" and hordes of mindless austerian drones had seized power in Washington. But only a couple months after the Fed stopped its program, inflation was falling dangerously low, so they did another round of stimulus (this one called QE2), with $600 billion worth of purchases through mid-2011.
You can guess what happened next. Inflation kicked back up for a bit, but softened again all through 2012 after the program ended. That, plus the fact that job creation and growth both remained weak, led the Fed in September 2012 to try a timid paradigm shift. Instead of buying a particular quantity of assets, they would instead buy $40 billion per month on an open-ended basis, kinda-sorta committing to supporting the economy until recovery was achieved (dubbed QE3, or QE-infinity).
As with all these efforts, the Fed evinced a palpable reluctance to continue the program. Hard money paranoiacs, discredited by five years of failed predictions of skyrocketing inflation, switched gears and began complaining that stimulus would create financial instability. Thus, the Fed began "tapering" their asset purchases in December of last year, putting them on track to finish this month.
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That brings us to today. The final round of QE barely seemed to affect inflation, which has been below the Fed's 2 percent target since early 2012. Here's the PCE deflator (the Fed's target measure of inflation):
Worse, over the past few months, as the taper has progressed and inflationistas have begun eagerly discussing when the first actual rate hikes would happen, market expectations of future inflation have actually been crashing. Here are five-year inflation breakevens:
The weird thing about this most recent fall in expectations is that job growth has actually been pretty strong of late. Not nearly what most people would want, of course, but I would have thought it enough to keep inflation stable. Maybe it's that the crappy jobs being created in the recession just aren't putting enough purchasing power into the hands of the masses. Maybe it's disinflationary forces from Europe and Asia. Maybe it's something else.
Regardless, it seems fairly clear after three rounds of what I'll call "premature extractulation" that the economy is going to be chronically vulnerable to deflationary forces unless something fundamental changes. In theory, a gigantic new stimulus program from Congress might do the trick (ha-ha, as if). Realistically, for the foreseeable future the Fed is the only game in town.
That, in turn, ought to militate in favor of a real change in strategy at the Fed. There are very good reasons to believe that all-out stimulus just might jolt the economy out of its weak, disinflationary sandpit (or we could consider more fundamental reform to the Fed, allowing it to do more-effective stimulus). On the other hand, there are increasingly good reasons to believe that if they don't, we could be having this same dang conversation in 2024 over QE11.
