Any religious group that does not support gay marriage should not be tax exempt, Democratic presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke argued Thursday night. "There can be no reward, no benefit, no tax break for anyone, or any institution, any organization in America that denies the full human rights and the full civil rights of every single one of us," he said. "As president, we're going to make that a priority, and we are going to stop those who are infringing upon the human rights of our fellow Americans."
The line got applause at CNN's Equality Town Hall, as O'Rourke could have anticipated. But in the broader polity, it simply doesn't hold up to scrutiny. Whatever one thinks about gay marriage — and tax exemptions for religious institutions, for that matter — this is a bad idea. It's flagrantly unconstitutional content discrimination. It's a shortsighted political strategy that will not play so well in the general election. And, realistically, it could do serious harm to vulnerable people being served by the religious institutions whose finances O'Rourke would assail.
The constitutional problem is simple: The federal government cannot mete out benefits or punishments on theological grounds. As Cato Institute legal scholar Walter Olson explains at Overlawyered, "a long line of court opinions has made clear that ... 'tax exemptions can't be denied based on the viewpoint that a group communicates.'" The law can make distinctions based on group behavior or "for deliberately engaging in speech that falls within one of the few narrow exceptions to the First Amendment, such as true threats of criminal attack, or incitement intended to and likely to cause imminent criminal conduct," but not for simple belief, even of very offensive tenets.
The Supreme Court has come down hard on federal efforts to manipulate religious institutions' internal decision-making processes; in 2012, for example, the justices unanimously struck down an Obama administration attempt to interfere in church hiring for ministerial roles. This means that whatever O'Rourke says about making his proposed change "a priority," he would face a steep uphill legal battle. That legal reality isn't debatable, and it turns O'Rourke's position into empty grandstanding. It's also a safeguard that works both ways: If a President O'Rourke can strip nonprofits of tax exemptions based on their beliefs, so can a President Trump.
Then there are the political ramifications. Obviously, O'Rourke's proposal has its constituency, but consider how this will play among American voters more broadly. It is tailored for Republican attack ads appealing to independents. As with gun control, O'Rourke says aloud exactly what the GOP has warned Democrats secretly want to do.
Nixing these tax exemptions would affect a much larger spread of religious institutions than we might immediately realize. O'Rourke may be picturing ending the tax exemptions of spiteful cults like Westboro Baptist Church or even more run-of-the-mill conservative, white evangelicals who probably voted for Trump. But those would hardly be his only targets.
Gay marriage still has minority support among black Protestants, meaning many historic black churches — to say nothing of religiously-affiliated HBCUs — could lose their tax exemption under O'Rourke's plan. The same is true of American Muslims, who in O'Rourke's scenario would find themselves beset by federal discrimination from the political right and left alike. (Indeed, the religious content discrimination O'Rourke wants is arguably constitutionally similar to the discrimination of Trump's original "Muslim ban.") Also affected would be religious social service organizations, such as the Catholic hospitals which serve one in six patients in the U.S. and in many areas offer the only hospital care available.
A slight majority of American Catholics — like O'Rourke himself — support same-sex marriage, rejecting their church's formal stance, and so do substantial minorities of other religious groups with official doctrinal opposition. But that difference of opinion does not mean these voters want to see their churches, mosques, or other religious institutions losing their tax exemptions. And a content-neutral abolition of these tax exemptions, while likely easier to get past the Supreme Court, would only mean more angry religious voters, as even LGBTQ-affirming religious institutions would find themselves in significant financial difficulties.
Those financial consequences would not be limited to congregants of the targeted churches in O'Rourke's vision. "Do we really want to shut down an entire part of the education sector or social services sector?" asked Michael Wear, who directed outreach to religious voters for former President Barack Obama's 2012 campaign, in an interview on the CNN town hall with Deseret News. "I would hope the answer would be no."
I would hope so too, because Wear isn't exaggerating. Those Catholic hospitals are just one part of an extensive religious social service infrastructure that serves millions of Americans of all faiths every day. You may think this isn't how it should be — perhaps you want all social services to be nonsectarian or handled by the state — but that doesn't change the current reality, nor does it reflect the desires of many other Americans who support and benefit from these organizations. If all the religious nonprofits with doctrinal opposition to gay marriage lose their tax exemptions, vulnerable people will suffer as a result. The effects would not be limited to white, Republican Protestants. In fact, it would almost certainly do tangible harm to some of the very gay Americans whom O'Rourke purports to protect.
