Gun violence: why does the US have so many mass shootings?
Attack rate has increased to average of more than one every day this year
Two mass shootings within 24 hours have reignited the heated debate around gun violence and firearm laws in the US.
A total of 22 people died in the first attack, in the Texas city of El Paso on Saturday morning. Thirteen hours later, a further nine people were shot dead in Dayton, Ohio.
In both cases, the gunmen carried out the massacre with a legally owned assault rifle - as Americans who favour tighter gun laws have been quick to point out. The incidents have also prompted wider questions about the underlying causes of the epidemic of mass shootings in the US.
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The scale of the problem
The US has recorded an average of more than one mass shooting per day in 2019, reports CBS News. As of 5 August, the 217th day of the year, there had been 255 mass shootings, according to data from the Gun Violence Archive. The independent research group defines a mass shooting as any incident in which at least four people were shot, excluding the shooter.
However, mass shootings account for a small percentage of overall gun deaths in the US. Latest figures show that of total 38,658 gun deaths across the nation in 2016, 14,415 were recorded as homicides - of which only 71 were the result of mass shootings, the BBC reports.
But while still comparatively rare, gun massacres are becoming deadlier. Of the eleven deadliest shootings in recent US history, eight have taken place in the past decade, says the broadcaster.
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Such rampages appear to be a distinctly American phenomenon. Between 1966 and 2012, 31% of attackers in mass shootings worldwide were US citizens, reports The New York Times.
So why does the US have a mass shooting problem?
Access to firearms
In the US, gun ownership is considered a basic right as a result of the Second Amendment to the US Constitution, which enshrines the “right of the people to keep and bear arms”.
The intentions behind this passage is a subject of intense debate. Some scholars argue that the founders were referred specifically to the arming of organised civilian militias rather than individuals - but courts have tended towards a generous interpretation of the amendment’s scope.
As such, only convicted felons or domestic abusers, unregistered immigrants and people who have been involuntarily committed to a mental institution or judged mentally defective are totally prohibited from buying firearms, although some states impose more stringent conditions on gun purchase and ownership.
Despite repeated mass shootings, there have been no significant moves to regulate gun ownership at a federal level - in contrast to other countries’ reactions to gun deaths.
In the UK, the 1987 Hungerford shooting, which resulted in 17 deaths, prompted the passing of a new law restricting the ownership of semi-automatic rifles. And following the 1996 Dunblane massacre, which left 18 people dead, legislation was passed banning handguns.
The governments of Australia and New Zealand have also reacted to gun massacres - at Port Arthur in 1996 and in Christchurch mosques last year, respectively - by introducing near-total bans on automatic and semi-automatic firearms.
There has been no equivalent reaction to shootings in America, and some critics of US gun laws have lost hope that laws will ever be tightened.
"In retrospect, Sandy Hook [school shooting] marked the end of the US gun control debate,” said British journalist Dan Hodges in a 2015 tweet. “Once America decided killing children was bearable, it was over.”
Number of guns
The US has by far the highest number of guns per person in the world, with almost 400 million civilian-owned guns spread between a population of around 320 million.
Indeed, Americans make up just 4.4% of the global population but own 42% of the world’s guns.
Part of that may be down to the relative cheapness of firearms in the US, where handguns can be bought for as little as $200 (£165) and assault rifles cost around $1,500 (£1,230).
With so many guns in circulation, there is simply a greater likelihood that they will be used by people who carry out a murderous attack - and the results tend to be far deadlier than incidents involving other types of weapons.
The New York Times reports that in China, a spate of random knife attacks on schoolchildren claimed 25 lives between 2010 and 2012. In the same period, the US suffered five mass shootings that resulted in 78 deaths.
“Scaled by population, the American attacks were 12 times as deadly,” the newspaper reports.
Mental health failings
Donald Trump has cited mental health issues as a factor behind the recent shootings in Texas and Ohio. “Mental illness and hatred pulls the trigger, not the gun,” the US president said.
However, as The New York Times points out: “If mental health made the difference then data would show that Americans have more mental health problems than do people in other countries with fewer mass shootings.
“But the mental health care spending rate in the United States, the number of mental health professionals per capita and the rate of severe mental disorders are all in line with those of other wealthy countries.”
Researchers have also undermined Trump’s argument, with a 2015 study concluding that only around 4% of gun deaths in the US are a result of mental health issues.
Violent video games
Violence in video games has long been blamed for real-life violence, but the evidence is far from conclusive.
A US study published in June found that violent video games do cause a “small” increase in aggressive behaviour. However, a ten-country comparison by The Washington Post found “no evident, statistical correlation between video game consumption and gun-related killings”.
In fact, the newspaper found that countries where video game consumption was highest tended to be among the safest countries in the world, possibly as a result of those nations having high income levels and standards of living.