Is Jeb Bush's goal of 4 percent economic growth really that crazy?

When Ron Paul was running for president back in the 2012 cycle, he said that "free market" policies "will give you 10 percent or 15 percent growth or whatever." Which is, of course, absolutely ridiculous. Annual U.S. growth, adjusted for inflation, has averaged just over 3 percent since the 1950s. Only very poor nations have been able to grow their economies at rates of 10 or 15 percent for a sustained period of time, such as Asia after it opened itself to Western trade and foreign investment. Not even Paul's idealized America — pre-Federal Reserve, pre-welfare state, pre-income tax — expanded at such a warp-speed rate.

Paul's hyper-optimistic views were hardly mainstream among 2012 Republicans. But the rest of the candidates weren't exactly skittish with their own predictions. Even earnestly restrained former Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty was calling for an ambitious 5 percent GDP growth target.

I guess the new gaggle of Republican presidential candidates have downgraded their expectations for the U.S. economy. Because there was Jeb Bush on Monday, calling for a measly 4 percent growth rate:

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Democrats were quick to mock Bush's goal. They noted that growth averaged just 2 percent during his brother's presidency, which ended in economic disaster. To find a long period of rapid growth, one has to look back to the Clinton years, a point Hillary Clinton is already making. (We'll see if Republicans counter by noting that the economy grew just as fast during the Reagan boom years.)

But political potshots aside, there's good reason to doubt whether Jeb Bush or Hillary Clinton or any other politician has a magic formula for growth. The Federal Reserve, Congressional Budget Office, and Obama White House all see growth closer to 2 percent than 3 percent as a more realistic expectation for the 21st century American economy. Private forecasters see the same permanent slowdown. In a new note, economic consulting firm IHS Global Insight calls growth rates of 3 percent "relics of the past" for advanced economies like America's.

Why? Well, about half of U.S. growth in the postwar era has come from higher productivity, and half from a growing labor force. But American society is getting older and working less. Given much slower labor force growth, much higher productivity is needed to make up the difference. If productivity growth just stays at its postwar average — and it's been much slower lately — the economy's growth potential is much lower than in the past. As economics blogger Bill McBride writes, "Right now, due to demographics, 2 percent GDP growth is the new 4 percent."

But demographics aren't necessarily destiny. Returning to at least a 3 percent economy, if not a bit better, isn't impossible — it just might take a while.

First, you need to boost labor force growth. One way is by keeping older people in the workforce longer by eliminating the payroll tax for workers 62 and older. Increasing immigration would also help. Despite America's immigrant friendly reputation, our immigration rate is only half that of some other advanced economies, including Australia, Canada, and Germany.

Second, you need to boost productivity. Sorry, Republicans, but tax cuts are not enough. Making America more innovative requires everything from more startups to better infrastructure to more science funding.

Third, we need to measure GDP better. A recent Goldman Sachs report argues that metrics designed for an industrial economy are poorly suited for one driven by information technology. Productivity and GDP growth might be higher than we think: "So confident pronouncements that the standard of living is growing much more slowly than in the past should be taken with a grain of salt."

And the more innovative America becomes, the greater the chance the economy might one day grow faster than any economist imagines right now. The unknowable, unpredictable pace of technological advancement injects what the San Francisco Federal Reserve has called a "fundamental uncertainty" into the future of growth. Perhaps, the bank speculated last year, "the possibility that artificial intelligence will allow machines to replace workers to some extent could lead to higher growth in the future." Good luck programming the Singularity into your fancy ecomometric model.

So who knows, Bush's target might actually be on the low side. And Paul might have been more right than any of us realized.