How the Times Square New Year's Eve ball drop has changed over the years

The first New Year's Eve Ball was commissioned by Adolph Ochs, publisher of The New York Times, per the Times Square Alliance. Ochs began throwing New Year's Eve parties in 1905 to celebrate the Times' new headquarters in the eponymous square in Manhattan, including dazzling fireworks displays from atop the One Times Square building. When he could not secure a fireworks permit for his 1907 celebration, he commissioned signmaker and metalworker Jacob Starr to create a visual display. Starr created a time ball inspired by the 19th-century nautical devices used to help sailors coordinate their time while at sea. The ball was made of wood and iron and covered with a hundred 25-watt light bulbs. It weighed 700 pounds and was five feet in diameter. For most of the 20th century, Starr's sign company Artkraft Strauss was responsible for lowering the Ball. 

His granddaughter, Tama Starr, who served as foreperson of the Times Square ball drop for many years, told CNN, "The idea was to ... have it illuminated with the brand-new electricity that had just come up to the neighborhood. And it was lowered by hand ... starting at one minute to midnight, and that was the way it was done for many years."

In 1920, Artkraft Strauss designed a new ball for the traditional drop. The design weighed only 400 pounds and was made entirely of wrought iron. It lacked some of the dazzling lighting that we've come to associate with the celebratory ball. The second iteration of the Times Square ball would be used for the next 35 years of New Year's Eve celebrations.

Artkraft Strauss redesigned the ball again in 1955. The wrought iron ball was replaced with an aluminum ball that kept the same dimensions as its predecessors, though it weighed only 150 pounds. The aluminum ball was used throughout the rest of the 20th century, remaining largely unchanged until the 1980s.

From 1981 to 1988, former New York City mayor Ed Koch redesigned the ball with red light bulbs and a green stem to convert the ball into an apple. The Big Apple design was part of the city's "I Love New York" marketing campaign to drum up tourism in the face of waning popularity during the crime-ridden era. After seven years, the traditional white aluminum ball made its comeback until the ball's next major update.

The aluminum ball was upgraded in 1995 with new aluminum skin, rhinestones, strobes, and computerized controls. The technological advancements changed how the ball drop was facilitated, eliminating the need for sign makers to run the ceremony. Artkraft Strauss, the company that brought the ball drop tradition to Times Square, was no longer needed to oversee the event, per CNN. The Times Square Alliance says the aluminum ball remained in use until it was retired after New Year's Eve 1998.

The fourth ball was created for Times Square 2000, celebrating the beginning of the 21st century. Waterford Crystal and Philips Lighting designed the crystal millennium ball, completely rehauling the technology and visual design for the turn of the century. The crystal ball was six feet in diameter, and weighed 1,070 pounds. The elaborate lighting comprised over 600 halogen light bulbs and nearly 100 strobes and mirrors encased by Waterford crystal triangles. At the time, the innovative ball was the most technologically advanced in the tradition's history.

For the centennial anniversary of the Times Square ball drop, Waterford Crystal and Philips Lighting created a new crystal ball to rival their first collaboration. For the Centennial Ball, they replaced the previous century's incandescent and halogen light bulbs with new Philips Luxeon LED bulbs. The state-of-the-art technology allowed for elaborate color combinations and spectacular brightness. Phillips equipped the 1,415-pound ball with over 9,500 energy-efficient LEDs to illuminate 600-plus crystals encasement.

Inspired by the energy efficiency and beauty of the crystal Centennial Ball, the owners of One Times Square decided to have a permanent ball fixture set on top of the building in 2009. Waterford Crystal and Philips Lighting came together again to create the latest variant, the "Big Ball." It is covered in 2,688 Waterford Crystal triangles, encasing  32,256 Philips Luxeon LED lights. It was also made weatherproof so that it could sparkle down over Times Square year-round. The Big Ball weighs nearly six tons and is twelve feet in diameter.