How Wall Street and Endless Shrimp may have killed Red Lobster

When thinking of seafood and cheddar bay biscuits, there is only one restaurant chain that comes to mind: Red Lobster. However, the company is having trouble staying above water these days; it has closed numerous locations and officially filed for bankruptcy on May 20. 

This marks a significant fall from grace for a company that remains the largest seafood restaurant in the United States, according to Statista, with $2.3 billion in annual sales in 2021. But why is the once ubiquitous chain on the verge of collapse? 

Some have said it is the result of the wide-scale promotions Red Lobster runs, such as their Endless Shrimp (which alone was responsible for around $20 million in losses for the company). However, while these types of deals were "financially ruining Red Lobster," according to Food & Wine, others have pointed to another, more common culprit: greed on Wall Street.  

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What went wrong at Red Lobster?

Elements of the problem can be traced to the various deals the company has offered. The Endless Shrimp promotion, which allowed people to eat unlimited shrimp for $20, was simply "too popular, and Red Lobster was unprepared for its customers' insatiable lust for discounted shellfish," said CNN. As a result, the company lost millions. 

This is not the first time that Red Lobster has gotten itself into financial trouble over this type of deal. In 2003, they ran an Endless Lobster campaign, and like with the shrimp, Red Lobster "misjudged just how many seafood lovers would pour into restaurants around the United States," said CNN. And just like in 2024, the company ended up losing millions in a matter of weeks. 

But these types of deals alone "didn't doom Red Lobster — they were just two missteps in a long spiral for a chain that was once an industry pioneer," said CNN. Red Lobster's "earnings transcripts, company filings and sales data ... [shows] how leadership problems, strategic missteps and a difficult economy combined to hobble the iconic chain," said Restaurant Business magazine. This includes the influence of Thai Union, a seafood company which serves as Red Lobster's main shareholder. Thai Union "forced huge cost reductions, including many that were penny-wise and pound-foolish because they hurt sales," a former Red Lobster executive said to CNN.

It can likely be said, though, that the Endless Shrimp deal was the final nail in the coffin for the restaurant chain, as "rather than accelerate the brand's momentum, the discount moved the chain backwards," said Restaurant Business. In the third quarter of 2023 alone, the promotion led to a 4% increase in customer traffic, but this "came at a loss of more than $11 million." But there is also the last remaining piece of the puzzle for Red Lobster: Wall Street. 

How is Wall Street responsible?

While the Endless Shrimp may have contributed to Red Lobster's problems, some have claimed that the true problem with the brand lies on Wall Street. The story of the restaurant is "much more complicated than a bunch of stoners pigging out on shrimp," said Business Insider. Rather, it is related to "waning customer interest, constant leadership turnover and, as has become a common tale, private equity's meddling in the business." These problems are not new to the brand, as a 2014 Fortune article noted that "private equity investors can't save Red Lobster."

However, the company did not begin its true downfall until Thai Union bought into it in 2016, John Gordon, a restaurant analyst in San Diego, said to Business Insider. While Thai Union had significant experience in the seafood sector, they were "totally unprepared to hold a casual-dining restaurant." And while other restaurant chains have undergone similar struggles throughout the pandemic era, what separates Red Lobster is a "decade of private equity and investor tampering," said Business Insider. 

Beyond Thai Union — which is currently trying to sell its Red Lobster investment — the company has gone through numerous ownership changes that "make it hard to settle on a turnaround vision." Red Lobster "faces challenges that necessitate a long-term view that requires patience — the kind that the short term-focused Wall Street often struggles to tackle," said Business Insider. Even though Red Lobster has now declared bankruptcy, there is still a chance that the company will live on afterward.