Japan plans to open its first centralized intelligence agency since World War II in the face of the increased security threats posed by China and Russia. Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi has described the new legislation for this agency that has just passed the upper house of Japan’s legislature, the National Diet (pictured above), as a “first step” toward strengthening the country’s independent espionage capabilities.
How will it work? The agency will be made up of two bodies: A National Intelligence Council will act as the government’s command center for intelligence gathering and analysis, and a National Intelligence Bureau will be responsible for operations. The aim is to improve Japan’s intelligence abilities by “strengthening coordination, reducing inter-agency barriers and ensuring that intelligence products better meet policymakers’ requirements,” said Sanshiro Hosaka, of the International Centre for Defence and Security, to Al Jazeera.
Why now? Pacifism is enshrined in Japan’s postwar constitution and culture, so the country has relied on cooperation with the U.S. for decades. But the Trump administration’s repudiation of long-standing allies has revealed the dangers of over-reliance on U.S. intelligence sharing. With the reform of its intelligence system, Japan’s approach to security is “becoming more self-reliant and autonomous.”
Japan’s intelligence system has “long been fragmented,” said The New York Times. That has “left the country especially vulnerable to espionage and foreign interference.” To make matters worse, Japan also lacks an anti-espionage law, which has made it relatively easy for foreign intelligence activities to go unpunished. Japan has had “enough of being a ‘spy paradise,’” said Philip Shetler-Jones and Masashi Umehara, of the Royal United Services Institute think tank, to the Times.
How are Russia and China operating now? Chinese and Russian activity within Japan has increased in recent years. In 2024, cybersecurity research group Citizen Lab exposed a so-called paperwall of Beijing-run websites disguised as Japanese-language news sources to spread pro-China disinformation.
The Russian military, meanwhile, has taken advantage of lax espionage laws to establish a secretive intelligence unit in Tokyo known as the 20th Directorate. “Posing as diplomats or businesspeople, its officers work to buy or steal battlefield technology and smuggle it into Russia,” said The New York Times, with 90% of Russian missiles and drones used in Ukraine containing Japanese components.
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