University of Cambridge researcher Jonathan R. Goodman on how the UK’s coronavirus vaccination strategy may have given an evolutionary helping hand to the rapidly spreading variant
The Delta coronavirus variant, which was first detected in India, is now the dominant variant in the UK. Some experts warn that the Delta variant may be 100% more transmissible than the previously dominant variant, Alpha. But we don’t think that transmissibility alone explains Delta’s dominance.
Successful variants often have a biological advantage - through mutation - that helps them spread more easily among the population. And it’s the variants with these mutations that natural selection acts on, ensuring they out-compete other, less transmissible strains.
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The Delta variant may, however, have a more complicated relationship with people than those that came before it. It is even possible that it was government policies, rather than the variant’s inherent increased transmissibility, that led to its success and dominance in the UK.
To illustrate why, it’s helpful to distinguish between several powerful forces that propel evolutionary change.
The first, natural selection, occurs when one type of organism out-competes another - either within or between species - leading, over time, to the success of one and the demise of the other. An example might be when one cheetah, slightly faster than another, outruns its rival and is thereby better able to catch prey, survive and reproduce. The slower cheetah is out of luck. It may either not find enough food to survive or be unable to attract a mate, both of which would prevent its successful reproduction.
The second force, artificial selection, is a subset of natural selection. It involves a person intentionally choosing which organisms survive and multiply. An example of this is a horse breeder. Horses that have desired qualities - speed and submissiveness, for example - are allowed by the breeder to mate with others, raising the odds that the next generation of horses will have the same qualities.
A third, less well–known force called unconscious selection, is where human interactions with the environment have accidental evolutionary effects. This further subset of natural selection is an important force across the world and is becoming increasingly important as populations grow and people change the global environment. Antibiotic resistance, where bacteria evolve defences against modern medicines, is a good example. As we continue to prescribe antibiotics to kill bacteria, we unconsciously select for bacteria resistant to our treatments.
Another example is how farming practices have been implicated in how diseases spread among plants. The way people clump trees together may help diseases spread more effectively. Some researchers even argue that the 2009 swine flu outbreak, and possibly even the Covid-19 pandemic, occurred for similar reasons.
The way we arrange our world - planting trees too close to each other or delaying vaccine shots, say - selects for changes in our world. And many of these changes, such as antibiotic-resistant “superbugs” or scary new variants, can be harmful to us.
The forces driving Delta
Returning to the Delta variant, its ability to infect people who are partly vaccinated against it may explain its rise to dominance. While people who have received two doses of the Pfizer vaccine may have around 88% protection, this figure is as low as 33.5% with one dose of either the Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccine, according to Public Health England.
Viewed from the perspective of evolutionary selection, it seems that the UK government’s decision to lengthen the period between first and second vaccine doses provided Delta with an extra window to infect people. While Delta is likely to have evolved in India through natural selection, unconscious selection may have ensured its survival in the UK.
It is possible that other factors, including the crowded living conditions of Bolton - the town in northwest England where the Delta variant first became widespread - as well as its higher transmissibility, were responsible for its success. And the government’s decision, even if it did contribute to the variant’s dominance, may not have been the wrong one: hospitalisations and deaths appear to be lower, even as cases drastically rise.
What is important, however, is to think about the implications of the artificial selection hypothesis - if it is true. Rather than making blanket claims about the overall transmissibility of different variants as they arise, it will become increasingly important, particularly as different parts of the world are vaccinated at different rates, to think about the way different variants - which have been selected, naturally or unconsciously, will interact with new populations as they spread. The US, for example, has focused on providing two doses in a shorter time frame. And assuming that because the Delta variant has been successful in the UK it will create the same problems in the US, is not necessarily justified: selection is likely to have different effects in the two populations.
More broadly, this evolutionary perspective suggests that we need to look to selection, however it takes place, to make better predictions about which variant features are likely to lead to success in different populations. Uniting evolutionary theory with population health sciences is likely to be essential for improving our responses to disease, now and in the future.
Jonathan R. Goodman, PhD candidate in human evolutionary studies, University of Cambridge
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. Read the original article.
