Egyptians are commemorating the first anniversary of the mass killings which took place in Rab'a Square in Cairo a year ago, as a report published by Human Rights Watch reveals new information about the massacre.
Between 800 and 1,000 Muslim Brotherhood supporters were killed by Egyptian security forces in the centre of the Egyptian capital. The protesters had gathered to stage a sit-in against the military coup, but soon came under violent attack from the armed forces.
Human Rights Watch director Kenneth Roth accuses the Egyptian authorities of orchestrating "one of the world's largest killings of demonstrators in a single day in recent history".
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Following a year-long investigation, the report entitled 'According to Plan' presents several conclusions about the massacre:
It was planned
The report alleges that the attack had been planned by military officials at the "highest levels". The military "systematically and intentionally used excessive lethal force in their policing" that day, it says. Investigators present what they say is proof that in planning the dispersal, security officials said they anticipated the death toll to reach the thousands.
The brutal manner in which security forces dispersed protesters "resulted in a shocking death toll that anyone could have foreseen, and indeed the government had anticipated", Roth said.
It may amount to a war crime
Rab'a has been compared to other violent suppressions of dissent, with human rights campaigners likening it to the 1989 Tianamen square massacre in Beijing. The extent of the killings and the systematic way in which they were carried out "suggests that they were part of a policy to use lethal force against largely unarmed protesters on political grounds" and thus they "most likely amount to war crimes", Roth said.
Justice has not been delivered
Many of the high-ranking officials accused of involvement in the massacre still hold power in Egypt today, and no one has been prosecuted for the killings. The report calls for an immediate investigation into the roles played by President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi, who was then head of the armed forces, and several other high-ranking officials. It also said the UN should set up an international inquiry and called on the international community to suspend military trade with Egypt until respect for human rights improves.
Egyptian officials reject the allegations
The Egyptian government has condemned the report, calling it "negative and biased", the Washington Post reports. It accused Human Right Watch of "outrageous interference" by publishing the report and insists the use of force was proportionate and as a direct result of violent provocation from protesters.
But human rights abuses continue
Clampdowns on basic human rights including freedom of assembly and freedom of speech continue across Egypt, the report says, as do mass arrests, torture and a failure to uphold the rule of law. "The legacy of the Rab'a massacre continues to cast a dark shadow over Egypt," Roth said. "Egypt will not move forward until it comes to terms with this bloody stain on its history."
