Are boys growing up too fast?
Boys in the U.S. now start puberty as much as two years earlier than they did several decades ago, and scientists are puzzling over the reasons and consequences. Doctors tracking the development of some 4,000 young males found that African-American boys tend to begin puberty at 9, while white and Hispanic boys begin at 10. Previously, male puberty was thought to begin between 11 and 12. The findings mirror research that shows girls are developing breasts earlier than in previous generations, a trend possibly caused by obesity and exposure to estrogen-mimicking chemicals. Obesity is less likely to be a factor for earlier male puberty, but changes in diet, exercise, and chemical exposure could play a role. The long-term medical effects of earlier maturity—which might include a heightened risk of testicular cancer— may not be as significant as behavioral ones. “There is already a tremendous gap between sexual maturity and when the brain matures, and it’s probably getting ever greater,” study author Marcia Herman-Giddens of the University of North Carolina tells The Wall Street Journal. That could make younger boys more prone to take the kinds of risks that older teenagers often do.
A multivitamin benefit
Taking a daily multivitamin can help reduce the risk of cancer. That’s the conclusion of a new study that followed 15,000 men over the age of 50 for more than a decade. Half of the men took a daily multivitamin supplement and ended up 8 percent less likely to develop cancer over the course of the study than those who were given a placebo. The finding is at odds with recent research that concluded that, for women, taking vitamin and mineral supplements offers no real benefit and can cause harm in high doses. The “modest reduction’’ in the risk of cancer is reason enough to take supplements, study author J. Michael Gaziano tells The New York Times, but “it would be a big mistake for people to go out and take a multivitamin instead of quitting smoking” or “eating a good diet and getting exercise.” Though nearly 90 percent of Americans don’t eat the recommended daily servings of fruit and vegetables, about half say they take some kind of vitamin supplement.
Tracing the moon’s origins
Some new thinking may have brought astronomers a step closer to solving the mystery of how our moon formed. Researchers have long believed that the moon was cleaved from a Mars-sized planet that collided with Earth some 4.5 billion years ago. Yet recent tests of lunar rock samples suggest that the moon’s chemical makeup is too similar to Earth’s to have come solely from a foreign body. A team from Harvard University re-examined collision models and found that the early Earth could have been spinning much faster when it was struck than was previously believed—so fast that a day would have lasted less than 3 hours. At that rate, the colliding planets would both have been obliterated, and the resulting debris cloud could have recombined to form Earth and its moon from roughly the same material. Experts are still debating how big Earth and the other planet were when the smashup occurred and are “only part of the way” toward settling on “a more satisfying” explanation for the moon’s origins, Caltech planetary scientist David Stevenson tells the Los Angeles Times. Since the crash demolished most evidence of what both planets were like pre-impact, adds UCLA astronomer David Paige, “it’s a whodunit mystery with very few clues lying around.”
Could we talk with whales?
Human-like sounds made by a captive beluga whale suggest that cetaceans could learn to mimic our voices—and perhaps even converse with us. Researchers at the National Marine Mammal Foundation first noticed in the 1980s that one of their whales was attempting to copy the speech patterns of his handlers and they began recording his human-like vocalizations. Recently, they analyzed those recordings and found that “the beluga did seem to be mimicking human speech, and did so quite successfully”—drastically lowering the frequency of his usual whale calls and matching his utterances to the rhythms of human speech, University of Southern Mississippi marine biologist Stan Kuczaj tells DiscoverMagazine.com. Whales don’t have vocal cords, so to make his human-like sounds, the whale, named Noc, had to change the air pressure in his nasal tract and make other adjustments to valves and sacs connected to his blowhole. Such obvious effort suggests that Noc may have been motivated by a desire for contact with the people around him, says study author Sam Ridgway. Noc died before the research was published, but Ridgway says he left behind an intriguing possibility that other captive belugas could one day learn to communicate with humans at “a conversational level.”
