Italian conservationist Kuki Gallmann was seriously wounded in a shooting on her ranch in Kenya, the latest in a series of attacks on landowners and farmers in the east African nation.
Who is behind the attacks – and what has motivated them?
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Now 73, Gallman is best known for her 1991 memoir I Dreamed of Africa, in which she tells how she came to Kenya as a wealthy Italian socialite and found new purpose through conservation when her son and husband died within a few years in separate accidents. Rather than return to Italy, Gallmann set up a memorial foundation in their names and turned their 400 sq mi cattle ranch into an education centre promoting the peaceful coexistence of humans and wildlife. Her memoir was turned into a Hollywood film starring Kim Basinger in 2000.
What happened to her?
On Sunday she was shot as she inspected a ransacked lodge on her ranch in the Laikipia region. A bullet passed through the door of her car, hit her hip and caused serious internal injuries to her stomach. She was airlifted to hospital in Nairobi and underwent surgery and is said to be in a critical condition.
Gallmann had been "increasingly distressed" in recent weeks, says Jeffrey Gettleman, East Africa bureau chief of the New York Times. He received a "flurry" of text messages from her warning that heavily armed pastoralists (people who live by herding livestock across country) had invaded her ranch and were "edging closer and closer to her house". In March, a safari lodge she owned was burnt to the ground with no-one staying inside, says the BBC.
Who shot her?
The bullet was fired by "raiders" on Gallmann's ranch, says the NY Times. Gallmann identified them as Pokot, an ethnic group from northern Kenya. She told Gettleman in a text message a few days before the shooting: "Pokot militia openly carrying firearms. Not just herders. Group of armed men without livestock. 13 firearm spotted."
What else have the pastoralists done?
Armed raiders have led "mounting violence" in Kenya in recent months, says The Guardian. Private ranches have been invaded and, on 5 March, former British army officer Tristan Voorspuy was killed while inspecting safari holiday lodges her runs the same area as Gallmann. At least 13 other guards and herders have also been killed, says The Times.
Why are the pastoralists doing this?
In a word, drought. Ranch invasions are taking place as the pastoralists drive more than 200,000 cattle through northern Kenya looking for pasture. Their movement has been caused by a devastating drought in East Africa.
Is this about black versus white?
In part, possibly – but the bulk of victims are not white. While Gallmann and Voorspuy have garnered the most attention internationally, there have been "hundreds" of other people displaced with violence from their homes, says The Guardian. However, the MP for Laikipia North, Mathew Lempurkel, was charged with incitement last month, one of several local politicians accused of using "racially charged language" to urge farm invasions, the BBC says.
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