Is it time the UK decriminalised drugs?

Britain's drug strategy has a clear aim: to "safeguard [the] vulnerable and stop substance misuse". But critics say its outdated methods fail to get to grips with the problem.

Announcing the new policy last week, Home Secretary Amber Rudd said Britain's "tough law enforcement response" to drug use "must go hand in hand with prevention and recovery" - in other words, the legal fight against drugs will be mixed with medical programmes to help addicts.

However, with Ireland, France, Portugal and others moving towards decriminalisation, the UK has become increasingly isolated in its approach.

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"We are unique among modern democracies in maintaining an approach based on nothing but prohibition," Peter Reynolds, president of Clear Cannabis Law Reform, writes in City AM. "In fact, we now stand closer to countries such as Russia, China, Indonesia, and Singapore. The only thing that separates us from countries with such medieval policies is our lack of the death penalty for drug offences."

As more nations experiment with partial or total legalisation, Britain is likely to come under increasing pressure to justify laws that criminalise drug use.

Both the World Health Organisation and the UN have called for the repeal of laws "proven to have negative health outcomes" and which "counter established public health evidence", including laws which criminalise drug use or possession for personal use.

So, what can the UK learn from countries which take a radical approach to drug policy? Does decriminalisation actually reduce drug addiction, or merely keep it out of sight?

Britain doesn't have to look far for an alternative. In 2001, Portugal became the first country in the world to decriminalise all personal drug use.

Drug dealing, trafficking or possessing more than ten days' supply still remains a criminal offence, but users now appear before a "addiction dissuasion commission" made up of a health professional, a legal expert and a social worker. In theory, the panel has the power to impose punitive measures such as fines or bans on visiting certain places or people, but the vast majority of hearings end with a referral to addiction support services.

At the time, advocates hoped this approach would tackle Portugal's heroin epidemic - by the 1990s, one per cent of the population was addicted to the drug, NPR reports.

It appears they were right. Not only has the number of heroin addicts halved since then, but drug-related HIV infections have dropped from 1,016 cases to only 56 in 2012, thanks to drop-in centres that provide clean needles, syringe bins and condoms, Vice reports.

Decriminalisation has had other results - and not the effect some critics feared.

Data gathered by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) indicates loosening the drugs laws has not lead to increased experimentation with drugs or the normalisation of drug use.

A little more than five per cent of young people in Portugal reported using cannabis in the last year. In the UK, where cannabis is a Class B drug, it was 11.3 per cent. In addition, only 0.6 per cent of young adults in Portugal reported having used MDMA in the last year and 0.4 per cent for cocaine. Those figures are 3.1 per cent and four per cent respectively in the UK.

The difference in death rates related to drugs between the two countries is equally interesting.

Drug abuse is the fifth most common cause of preventable deaths in the UK, with 60.3 deaths per million in 2014 - almost three times the European average, says the EMCDDA.

By comparison, the Portuguese drug-induced mortality rate has more than halved since 2008 to reach 5.8 deaths per million in 2015.

Decriminalisation alone is not responsible for this, however. When Portugal introduced its reforms, "an important aspect of the plan was to divert the money used for the juridical system - arresting and imprisoning addicts - into treatment", says Al Jazeera.

Between 2001 and 2002, spending on prevention and outreach campaigns increased by €24.5 million and with no fear of arrest or imprisonment, addicts have been inclined to seek help for their problem.

However, the argument is not so cut and dry. The Czech Republic decriminalised possession of small quantities of drugs for personal use in 2009, but its rates of use and addiction have remained broadly similar to pre-decriminalisation.

Although "hard" drug use in the country is broadly in line with the rest of Europe and overdose deaths remain low, almost one in five young Czechs reported using cannabis in the previous year, the third highest in Europe after France and Italy.

In addition, the homemade methamphetamine pervitin, which is injected, has become the "main substance linked to problem drug use" in the republic, according to the EMCDDA.

So what - if anything - can the UK learn? The primary takeaway is that decriminalisation in these cases has not led to higher rates of drug abuse and has actually had the opposite effect in Portugal.

However, just as important is the understanding that while legal reforms reduce the social stigma and fear of prosecution that can prevent addicts from seeking help, the extent and quality of that help is the key to tackling addiction and cutting the number of lives lost to drug abuse.

Infographic by www.statista.com for TheWeek.co.uk