Is Trump's wall working?

When Donald Trump launched his first presidential campaign in 2015, he did so on the promise of dramatically constricting migration into the United States by physically sealing the country's entire border with Mexico. "I will build a great, great wall on our southern border," Trump said in his first speech as a presidential candidate. "And I will have Mexico pay for that wall."

Eight years later, Trump is again running for president, and again predicating his campaign on harsh anti-immigrant policy promises that will, he says, "make America great again, again." Given this flurry of new campaign pledges and electioneering, where does Trump's original — and perhaps career defining — promise of a "big beautiful wall" stand today?

How much wall did Trump build?

At a May 2023 CNN town hall, former President Donald Trump claimed that his administration finished building a wall along the 1,954-mile border separating the U.S. and Mexico. But according to a Customs and Border Protection report written two days after Trump left office in 2021, about 458 miles of the wall were completed under his administration, with another 280 miles identified for construction but never finished. Of those 458 miles, just 52 covered sections of the border that hadn't previously had a barrier. The other 406 replaced shorter barriers that already existed with a fence made of reinforced hollow steel bollards ranging from 18 to 33 feet high. In some sections, lights, cameras and sensors accompanied the new barriers; in others, a secondary fence was built to reinforce an existing one. The project cost an estimated $15 billion, with the money coming from Department of Defense funds and appropriations from Congress. Combined with fencing that pre-dated Trump's presidency, about 700 miles — mostly along public land in Arizona and New Mexico — now have a barrier. That same month, House Republicans passed an immigration bill calling for resuming construction.

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Is the new wall effective?

It does not seem to be deterring migrants from coming to or crossing the border. The number of crossings, as measured by apprehensions at the border, rose steeply during Trump's term, more than doubling from 2018 to 2019. The pandemic initially slowed migration, but by spring 2021, the number of unlawful border crossings and arrests — separate from those legally applying for asylum — had risen above the totals recorded in most months before Trump began building the wall. Border Patrol have maintained, however, that the towering bollards have served a purpose. "There is a psychological reason," said Chief Patrol Agent Patricia McGurk-Daniel. "It's a high fence. You don't want to cross it, but it's also tall enough our agents can see through." Professional smugglers and determined migrants, however, have found myriad ways to get through and over the wall.

How do they do that?

Saws and other inexpensive power tools were used to cut holes in the wall more than 3,200 times between 2019 and 2021, costing the government $2.6 million in repairs. From October 2021 to September 2022, the wall was breached 4,101 times, an average of about 11 breaches per day. Some smugglers have essentially created "doors" in the wall by disguising the holes they created in the bollards with tinted putty that they remove every time they want to help people cross. Smugglers have also dug tunnels or climbed over the barrier on ladders, or crossed at one of the wall's many gaps. Paths, initially built by construction crews to help them reach remote border areas, now guide migrants who make it across. "There are so many access roads that it's possible for someone to walk right up to places where the wall ends and have someone just pick them up," said conservationist Valer Clark to The New York Times during the first year of President Joe Biden's administration.

Is there a human cost?

The wall has made crossing the border more dangerous. Migrants circumventing the wall have drowned swimming across the Rio Grande and collapsed from heat exposure in the desert. Some of those climbing over it with ladders or by hand have fallen as much as 30 feet, suffering severe injuries — some fatal. From 2019 to 2021, the University of California at San Diego Medical Center recorded 375 patients admitted due to falls. In fiscal year 2022, at least 853 migrants died crossing the border, breaking the previous year's record of 546. Border Patrol also recorded about 22,000 rescues of distressed migrants in that time, up 72% from the previous year. In 2021, the United Nations-affiliated International Organization for Migration said the U.S.- Mexico border was "the deadliest land crossing in the world," after 728 of that year's 1,238 migrant deaths en route to America occurred at the border itself.

What's changed under Biden?

Despite an 11th hour attempt to finish the wall in the waning days of the first Trump administration, tens of thousands of heavy steel bollards worth $350 million were left unused, rusting in the southwest sun. President Biden, who campaigned on a promise not to build "another foot" of wall, allowed some construction to continue to honor existing contracts and filled some gaps in Arizona, Texas and California. "Some of the construction was going to have to be finished, or else it would create a legal risk," said a former White House senior official to The New Yorker in 2022. At the same time, Republican governors along the border built "new sections of barriers in their states with hundreds of millions of dollars in government and private funding," as the Biden administration's effort to cancel pre-existing wall construction contracts signed under the Trump White House have been hampered by federal regulations.

Why the talk of building more?

In May 2023, President Biden ended Title 42, the Trump-era immigration policy that allowed authorities to turn back migrants without granting them the right to seek asylum, replacing it with a tougher asylum policy. After an initial spike in the number of migrants encountered by Border Patrol agents in 2023, 2024 saw a 77% decline in encounters thanks to "policy changes on both sides of the border," Pew Research said. Many conservatives, however, remain committed to the wall as a statement about the border, said Andrew Selee of the nonpartisan Migration Policy Institute to Politico. "This was always about a larger symbolism about walling off America from outside dangers."

Despite having previously called Trump's wall "un-American," even Democratic presidential nominee Vice President Kamala Harris seems resigned to some form of future construction along the border. Her campaign's border security plan calls in part for "filling in strategic sections of the wall along the nearly 2,000-mile mile," NBC News said.

The environmental damage

To build his wall, Trump had to bulldoze, dig and tear through land along the border, waiv­ing over 50 environmental laws and regulations. The damage drew strong protests from envi­ronmentalists, native tribes and private land­ owners. Construction damaged streams and led to vegetation removal, creating rapid erosion. Near Arizona's San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge, flash floods tore some of the wall's floodgates from their hinges last year. Rivers that flow south across the border into Mexico are now contaminated with rust from the wall, killing native fish. In Guadalupe Canyon, in southeast­ern Arizona, construction crews dynamite-blasted into the mountainside to erect a barrier, altering a critical habitat for endangered cross-­border species, including jaguars. "Animals have been migrating through this route for tens of thou­sands of years," Myles Traphagen, a biolo­gist mapping the impact of the wall, said to The New Yorker. "If we cut off this population, we're essentially altering the evolutionary history of North America."