Are we heading for World War Three?

The risk that regional conflicts could spark global nuclear war have "increased significantly" in the last couple of months, defence experts have said.

"Russia's war with Ukraine, Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump's nuclear sabre-rattling, tensions between India and Pakistan, Iran's determination to get the bomb, and the West's increasing fear of China as a superpower have all heightened the threat of nuclear Armageddon," said The i Paper.

"Global tensions are higher than ever at the moment", agreed UNILAD, and "it seems many countries, including the US, are preparing behind the scenes for World War Three".

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Russia

Donald Trump's much-hyped meeting with Vladimir Putin earlier this month failed to deliver any substantive breakthrough towards ending the war in Ukraine, and de-escalating tensions between the Kremlin and Nato.

Since the start of the invasion, Russia has "repeatedly issued nuclear threats against the West", said The i Paper.

The Kremlin's updated nuclear doctrine has significantly broadened Russia's scope for first-strike nuclear retaliation. State TV, presumably on instruction from the Kremlin, has repeatedly proposed a willingness to resort to nuclear conflict, while former president Dimitri Medvedev has suggested the country would be willing to deploy its arsenal, and should be prepared to carry out pre-emptive "preventative strikes" against Western countries that continue to support Ukraine.

With Russia continuing to stall on peace talks as its forces make slow but steady gains, the comments by Medvedev are just "the latest indication Moscow sees the confrontation with the West over Ukraine escalating", said the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

This could see the Kremlin move against other former Soviet satellite states, most likely in the Baltics. In a sign of the growing fear that an attack could be imminent, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as Poland and Finland, have announced they are withdrawing from a landmark landmine treaty as they seek to shore up their border defences with Russia.

Nato Secretary-General Mark Rutte warned in June that "Russia could be ready to use military force against Nato within five years", and that the threat from Putin's regime would remain acute, even if the war in Ukraine ended.

While the Baltic states are the most likely target for a Russian invasion, Moscow has also begun ramping up production of hypersonic missiles. The intermediate-range weapons "are capable of striking targets up to 3,415 miles away, which puts locations across Europe and even the western US within their potential reach", said The Economic Times.

If Russia takes military action against any Nato member state, it would force the military alliance into an all-out conflict. In that scenario, Russia could call on its allies to join in a global war. "Serious analysts express concern that Russia may escalate and the world, as it has done so many times in the era of mass warfare, may sleepwalk its way into an engulfing conflict", said The New Statesman.

In reality, the likely threat from Russia is not a "full-scale invasion" but a "test: something ambiguous and tricky that will divide Nato, and thus discredit it", said Edward Lucas in The Times. But with Russia's new supersonic missiles able to stretch from Moscow to any point in Europe, we are all on "the eastern flank now".

Middle East

For a few days in June it looked as though the war between Israel and Iran would explode into an all-out regional conflict, dragging in the US and Western allies on one side, and potentially Russia and China on the other.

While both sides backed down following a frantic 24 hours in which the US launched air strikes against Iran's nuclear facilities, the threat from Tehran's nascent nuclear programme remains "heightened", said Paul Ingram, research affiliate for the Centre of Existential Risk at the University of Cambridge.

Claims by Trump to have eliminated the regime's nuclear capabilities for the foreseeable future were quickly debunked by the Pentagon. And with Iran still holding 440kg of highly enriched uranium, "it all adds up to quite a dangerous situation where their capacity has been marginally degraded, but the incentives for Iran to go nuclear have gone through the roof".

The region has been in a state of chaos ever since Hamas launched its surprise attack against Israel on 7 October 2023. That led to the subsequent invasion of Gaza, weakening of Hezbollah in Lebanon, the fall of the Assad regime in Syria and the Israel-Iran conflict.

With the weakening of Iran's proxy groups "the calls within Tehran to develop nuclear deterrence will have massively increased", said Ingram.

China

It has long been assumed that the greatest threat to geopolitical stability is rising tension between China and the US, which could force other countries to align with either superpower. This risked pushing the globe to "the brink of a third world war", The Straits Times reported.

While recent attention has been on an escalating US-China trade war, most expect a future military confrontation to centre on Taiwan. Beijing sees the island nation as an integral part of a unified Chinese territory. It has, in recent years, adopted an increasingly aggressive stance towards the island and its ruling Democratic Progressive Party, which it has denounced as dangerous separatists, but who won an unprecedented third term early last year. At the same time, the US has ramped up its support – financially, militarily and rhetorically – for Taiwan's continued independence.

Earlier this year, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) conducted live-fire military exercises in the Taiwan Strait, drills seen as a "dress rehearsal for a possible real blockade in an attempt to overthrow the government in Taipei in the future", said the BBC.

This year China has "held live-fire drills on the doorsteps of Australia, Taiwan and Vietnam", tested new landing barges on ships that "could facilitate an amphibious assault on Taiwan", and unveiled deep-sea cable cutters "with the ability to switch off another country's internet access – a tool no other nation admits to having", said The Guardian.

Many observers anticipate that China will look to invade Taiwan by 2027, which is seen as a "magical" year because it marks the centenary of what was to become the PLA, said Robert Fox in London's The Standard. The idea that this anniversary could coincide with a serious military operation by Beijing has become a "fixation" in Washington, said Defense News.

But if there's one ally almost every Republican in Washington wants to defend, it's Taiwan against China, said Time. Beijing knows a full-scale invasion of Taiwan would "risk direct war with the US".

To this end, China will be looking to expand its estimated 600 fielded nuclear warheads to compete with Russia and the US, Dr Sidharth Kaushal, from the Royal United Services Institute think-tank, told The i Paper.

"This will make things even more complex for the US, because it will face the prospect theoretically of a China-Russian alliance that has more nuclear weapons than it does."

Politicians, military chiefs and industry leaders "can no longer afford to ignore the prospect of a full-scale invasion", said the Daily Mail. In such a scenario, the US – Taiwan's most powerful protector – may be forced to respond in its defence. It would "shake the foundations of the world as we know it and could well trigger a Third World War".

North Korea

Since 2019, Kim Jong Un has "focused on modernising his nuclear and missile arsenals", said Sky News.

At the start of 2024 he announced that the hermit kingdom had eliminated "the idea of a peaceful unification between the war-divided countries", said The Associated Press. The South has since scrapped a "2018 non-hostility pact aimed at lowering military tensions", The Independent said. This indicates the "psychological warfare" had "tipped over into real escalation".

"Kim's government has repeatedly dismissed calls by Seoul and Washington to restart long-stalled negotiations aimed at winding down his nuclear weapons and missiles programmes, as he continues to prioritise Russia as part of a foreign policy aimed at expanding ties with nations confronting the US," said The Independent.

North Korea has sent thousands of troops and weapons to fight in Ukraine, a move that "has raised concerns Moscow could provide technology that strengthens Kim's nuclear-armed military".

In April, North Korea conducted the first test-firing of the weapons system of a "Choe Hyon-class" 5,000-tonne warship it recently unveiled, according to state media KCNA. The new naval destroyer can apparently launch nuclear-capable ballistic missiles, which security and defence analyst Michael Clarke told Sky News "shows the level of their ambition".

Around the same time, South Korea said its soldiers had fired warning shots at North Korean troops who had crossed the demarcation line between the two nations – some of whom were armed.

Dr Sean Kenji Starrs, lecturer in international development at King's College London, told the Daily Mail that "the more likely scenario" than North Korea invading South Korea would be China "encouraging or pressuring" it to do so "in order to expel US troops". That would "open a new front against the US so that China could more easily take Taiwan".

In April, North Korea conducted the first test-firing of the weapons system of a "Choe Hyon-class" 5,000-tonne warship it recently unveiled, according to state media KCNA. North Korea's navy may "accelerate nuclear armament for maritime sovereignty and for the sake of national defence", Reuters cited Kim as saying.

The new naval destroyer can apparently launch nuclear-capable ballistic missiles, which security and defence analyst Michael Clarke told Sky News "shows the level of their ambition".